History, Civilization, or Other Culture Courses

• CEUS-R  110 Central Asia: Cultures and Customs (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Introduction to Central Asia, including Xinjiang and Mongolia, and Central Asian peoples. Examines the fabled "Silk Road" and the diverse cultures, societies, and life-ways of this region: herders, farmers, caravan traders, and city-dwellers. Most of the population is Muslim and Turkic-speaking but other religions and languages are represented as well.

• CEUS-R 191 Introduction to Central Eurasia (3 cr.) CASE S&H P: Open only to freshmen and sophomores or by consent of instructor. Introduction to the history of the traditional Central Eurasian ("Inner Asian") peoples through lecture and film. Topics include Proto-Indo-Europeans, Silk Road, Attila, steppe empires, Dalai Lama, Manchu and Russian relations, and the re-emergence of Central Eurasia in the late twentieth century. Extensive use of films. Credit given for only one of R191 or U190.

• CEUS-R 199 Introductory Topics in Central Eurasian Studies (1-4 cr.) Variable title course for introductory topics in Central Eurasian studies. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 9 credit hours in R199 and U320.

• CEUS-R 213 Islam in Central Asia (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC This course surveys the history and contemporary status of Islam in Central Asia, a region shaped by engagement with Islamic religion and civilization for over a millennium, and marked recently by the interaction of traditional patterns of Muslim religious life with the impact of Russian, Soviet, and Chinese rule.

• CEUS-R 250 Introduction to the Ancient Near East (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Introduction to ancient Near Eastern and Central Asian cultures. Begins with early farming communities around 8000 B.C. and includes the Bronze Age and Iron Age kingdoms of Assyria, Babylonia, Iran, and Central Asia and the spread of Hellenism. Architectural and textual information used with visual aids. Credit given for only one of R250, U254, or NELC N245.

• CEUS-R 251 Post-Taliban Afghanistan and the War on Terror (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC The September 11th attacks prompted the on-going "War on Terrorism" against Taliban-controlled Afghanistan. This course examines this conflict while focusing on Afghanistan as a multi-ethnic, modern nation-state ravaged by a century of internal colonialism and most recently by foreign invasions, proxy wars, and global terrorism. Credit given for only one of CEUS-R 251, ANTH-E 251, or NELC-N 251.

• CEUS-R 260 The Great Wall of China (3 cr.) CASE S&H Everyone knows of the Great Wall of China, but few know the real role walls played in China's strategy and defense against the nomads of Mongolia. This class introduces students to when, how, and why the wall was built and to the complex relations between China and the nomads.

• CEUS-R 270 The Civilization of Tibet (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Introduction to the diverse aspects of Tibetan civilization. Making extensive use of slides and other audiovisual materials, the course covers such topics as Tibet's literature, art, religion, society, history, and language. Strongly recommended for undergraduates intending to take higher-level courses in Tibetan studies. Credit given for only one of CEUS-R 270, CEUS-U 284 or INST-I 212.

• CEUS-R 281 Turkish Literature in Translation (3 cr.) Introduction to Turkish literature in translation, including Ottoman court literature, Turkish epic and troubadour poetry, and modern and contemporary Turkish literature. No previous knowledge of the Turkish language or its literature is required, but familiarity with Turkish or Middle Eastern literary traditions is helpful.

• CEUS-R 290 Introduction to Central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet have a unique legacy in the world today: nomads, Silk Road, Islam, Buddhism, Russo-Chinese rivalry, Communism, and resistance. This course will provide a broad overview of trends and issues in this crossroads of cultures and civilizations through a combination of lectures, discussions, and guest presentations.
  

• CEUS-R 291 Inner Asian Religious Beliefs (3 cr.) CASE A&H, CASE GCC Describes the diverse religious beliefs of Inner Asia (oasis Central Asia, Turkic nomads, Mongolia, Tibet), focusing on Islam, Buddhism, and native religions. Topics include world religions on the Silk Road, Islamic and Buddhist conversions, native religions and "shamanism," revivalist and modernizing movements, Communist and post-Communist liberalization. Credit given for only one of R291 or U292.

• CEUS-R 292 Introduction to Turkic and Iranian Civilization (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Introduction to the Turkic and Iranian peoples of Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. Introduces languages, literatures, and cultures; covers history, society, and economy with a focus on Islam and socio-political movements today. Includes guest lectures, films, museum visits, and musical and dance performances.

• CEUS-R 294 Introduction to Hungary, Estonia, and Finland (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Introduction to Hungary, Estonia, and Finland, three European nations whose peoples speak unique Uralic languages. Covers their culture and history as shaped by their Uralic heritage and by Germanic, Turkish, and Slavic conquerors. Focuses on national awakenings, independence, communism, and their role in Europe today.
  

• CEUS-R 299 Intermediate Topics in Central Eurasian Studies (1-4 cr.) Variable title course for intermediate topics in Central Eurasian studies. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 9 credit hours in R299 and U320.

• CEUS-R 302 Finland in the Twentieth Century (3 cr.) CASE S&H In-depth study of modern Finnish history, stressing Russification; 1905 Revolution; independence; interwar period, the Winter War and the Continuation War; "Finlandization," economic miracle, and welfare state; changing role of women; Finland as part of Scandinavia; literature, art, and music; and membership in the European Union. Credit given for only one of R302 or U333.

• CEUS-R 304 Modern Finnish Literature (3 cr.) Examination of major works of modern Finnish literature in translation. Themes include urbanization, industrialization, independence, the individual and society, alcoholism, "the sixties," role of women, and influence of fine arts, music, performing arts, and film.

• CEUS-R 309 Topics in Baltic-Finnish Studies (3 cr.) Variable title course for topics in Baltic-Finnish studies. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 9 credit hours.

• CEUS-R 310 Introduction to Central Asian History (3 cr.) CASE S&H Explores Central Asia's role in world history, in Islam, and as a link between East Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. Readings in English translation.

• CEUS-R 311 Travelers and Explorers in Central Asia (3 cr.) CASE S&H Charts the exploration of Central Asia from China to Iran in the eighth through the nineteenth centuries. Uses primary sources in English translation to evaluate these travelogues as sources, comparing and contrasting medieval and modern, from insider and outsider perspectives.

• CEUS-R 312 Shrine and Pilgrimage in Central Asian Islam (3 cr.) CASE A&H, CASE GCC Surveys religious beliefs and activities involving shrines and pilgrimage to holy places in Muslim Central Asia, from beginning to present. Broadens understanding of how shrines served the religious needs of Central Asian Muslims and the relationship between shrine-centered religious life and "normative" religious practice. Credit given for only one of R312 or U392.

• CEUS-R 313 Islam in Soviet Union and Successor States (3 cr.) CASE A&H, CASE GCC Surveys Islam and Muslim communities in areas of the former U.S.S.R. After basic coverage of Islam, Russian expansion, and their interaction, the course focuses on the pressures experienced by and exerted by Islam as a religion and socio-cultural system, with attention to religious life's adaptations to the Soviet and post-Soviet context. Credit given for only one of R313 or U394.

• CEUS-R 314 Islamization in Inner Asia (3 cr.) CASE A&H, CASE GCC Examines the distinctive character of Islam in Inner Asia, including religious change and "conversion," and geographic, ethnic, and political contexts. Explores cases of Islamization, emphasizing indigenous accounts and their significance in Islamic and Inner Asian patterns of religious meaning and ritual.

• CEUS-R 315 Politics and Society in Central Asia (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC An introduction to Central Eurasia, especially the former Soviet Union, focusing on the 1980s and beyond. Main topics are politics, society, and economy; others include demography, Islam, women, and foreign policy. Credit given for only one of R315 or U395.

• CEUS-R 316 Peoples and Cultures of Central Asia (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Anthropology of former Soviet Central Asia and adjacent areas of Iran and Afghanistan. Topics include ecology, ethnohistory, subsistence traditions; kinship, gender, identities; religion; transformations under Russia, Iran, Afghanistan, and the war on terrorism. No previous knowledge presumed; background in anthropology helpful. Credit given for only one of R316, U398, or ANTH E398.

• CEUS-R 329 Topics in Central Asian Studies (3 cr.) Variable title course for topics in Central Asian studies. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 9 credit hours.

• CEUS-R 330 Politics in Modern Xinjiang (3 cr.) Exploration of Xinjiang's politics from 1900 to the present, focusing on Islam, identity politics, immigration, language battles, cultural resistance, the Production and Construction Corps, political economy, and oil.

• CEUS-R 331 Grave Robbers, Missionaries, and Spies: Foreign Adventurers in Chinese Turkestan (3 cr.) From the nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries, the mysteries of Xinjiang (Chinese Turkestan) lured outsiders: missionaries, archaeologists, treasure hunters, adventurers, scouts, officials, and outright spies. Fortunately, many left readable accounts of their discoveries through which readers can explore both the region's attraction to outsiders and outsider influence on the region.

• CEUS-R 332 History of Xinjiang to 1911 (3 cr.) Introduction to the tumultuous history of Xinjiang, geographically part of Central Asia, but now under Chinese rule. Covers cultural, ethnic, religious, and geopolitical changes to 1911. Topics include ecology and economy; Uyghur, Chinese, Mongol, and Manchu empires; Islamization; the Jihaddist movement; and stirrings of nationalism.

• CEUS-R 333 Cultures and Civilization of Xinjiang (3 cr.) Surveys Xinjiang (Chinese Turkestan) from prehistory to today: material life, languages, literature, arts, and religion. Considers the "mummy controversy," Xinjiang on the so-called Silk Road, Islamization, and cultural diversity today. Themes include cultural borrowing, "clash of civilization," and the politics of multiculturalism.

• CEUS-R 340 Introduction to Hungarian Studies (3 cr.) CASE GCC Introduction to major issues in Hungarian studies from the migration to the present. After a geographic survey, explores issues in Hungarian identity, with particular attention to issues of ethnicity, religion, and culture, both high and low.

• CEUS-R 342 Roma (Gypsy) History and Culture (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Europe's largest minority, the so-called "Gypsies," more properly the Roma, have been killed, hunted, and reviled; yet the exotic flavoring of "Gypsiness" has fascinated writers, artists, and composers. Surveys Roma history and representations. No background in East European studies, music, or film is required; readings are in English.

• CEUS-R 349 Topics in Hungarian Studies (1-4 cr.) Variable title course for topics in Hungarian studies. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 9 credit hours.

• CEUS-R 351 Prophets, Poets, and Kings: Iranian Civilization (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Traces the history of Iranians from ancient times through the Arab conquest to today. Focuses on institutions, religious, secular and ecclesiastic hierarchies, minorities, devotional and communal change, and Iranian influences on Islam. Visual and archaeological aids used. No previous knowledge of subject matter required. Credit given for only one of R351 or U311.

• CEUS-R 352 Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Ethnographic survey examines the social institutions and cultural forms in contemporary Middle Eastern societies (i.e., the Arab world, Israel, Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan). Topics include ecology; Islam; pastoral nomadism; agriculture and cities; colonialism and nation-states; tribalism, ethnicity, and gender; and modernization, oil wealth, labor migration, and social unrest. Credit given for only one of CEUS R352, CEUS U397, ANTH E397, or NELC N397.

• CEUS-R 354 Persian Literature in Translation (3 cr.) CASE A&H, CASE GCC Study and analysis of selected readings from Persian literature in English translation. May concentrate on a particular theme, period, or author. Special attention paid to the historical and cultural contexts of the works, as well as problems in translation, critical analysis, and interpretation. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 6 credit hours in R354, U372, and NELC N380.

• CEUS-R 359 Topics in Iranian Studies (3 cr.) Variable title course for topics in Iranian studies. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 9 credit hours in R359 and U399.

• CEUS-R 360 Modern Mongolia (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Examines Mongolia's turbulent history from independence from China's last dynasty in 1911 through theocracy, revolution, and communism to today's market democracy. Also focuses on social, economic, cultural, and demographic changes. No prerequisite. Credit given for only one of R360 or U469.

• CEUS-R 361 Mongolia's Middle Ages (3 cr.) CASE S&H Examination of Mongolia's "middle ages" between the Mongol world empire and the modern era, 1350 to 1850. Topics include the nobility, Oirats, Buddhist conversion, Manchu-Chinese rule, and Buriats and Kalmyks in Russia. Readings include modern histories and sources in translation.

• CEUS-R 362 Mongolian Civilization and Folk Culture (3 cr.) CASE GCC Introduction to Mongolian traditional civilization: material culture (dwelling, clothing, food, warfare, hunting, animal husbandry, crafts, agriculture,), social and spiritual life (kinship, wedding, birth, names, childhood, races, medicine, death, folk religion, Buddhism, shamanism, values and taboos, omens), folk arts (music, oral literature, dance). Knowledge of Mongolian not required.

• CEUS-R 364 Shamanism and Folk Religion of the Mongols (3 cr.) CASE GCC Examination of shamanism and its role in Mongol communities. Is it a religion? What is its relation to folk beliefs and world religions? Who becomes a shaman or what defines shamaness? What skills, tools, and techniques are necessary? Knowledge of Mongolian not required.

• CEUS-R 369 Topics in Mongolian Studies (3 cr.) CASE GCC Variable title course for topics in Mongolian studies. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 9 credit hours.

• CEUS-R 370 Introduction to the History of Tibet (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Survey of Tibet's history from its beginning to present. Studies facets of Tibet's history including the Tibetan empire of the seventh to ninth centuries, the impact of Buddhism, Tibet's relations with neighboring peoples, the rise of the Dalai Lama, and current issues of Tibet. Credit given for only one of R370 or U483.

• CEUS-R 371 Tibet and the West (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Examines Western perception of Tibet during the past 700 years and compares Tibetan civilization with popular conceptions that prevailed in the West during corresponding periods. Subjects include Tibet as "Shangri-La," reflected in such novels and films as Lost Horizon, along with Tibetan perceptions of Westerners and Western civilization. Credit given for only one of R371 or U489.

• CEUS-R 372 Sino-Tibetan Relations (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Surveys interaction between Tibet and China from beginnings to the present, touching on political, cultural, economic, and religious links. Areas explored include the rise of Tibet as a dynamic empire competing with Tang China, religious links between Tibetan hierarchs and Chinese rulers, and conflict over Tibet's incorporation into China. Credit given for only one of R372 or U490.

• CEUS-R 373 The Religions of Tibet (3 cr.) CASE A&H Surveys the history of Tibetan religions and their impact on Tibetan society and culture. Considers interactions between religions and politics and how they shaped public lifestyles, inspired movements, and molded identity through the centuries. Coverage is both chronological and thematic. Credit given for only one of R373 or U484.

• CEUS-R 379 Topics in Tibetan Studies (3 cr.) Variable title course for topics in Tibetan studies. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 9 credit hours.

• CEUS-R 380 Literature of the Ottoman Court in Translation (3 cr.) Reading and analysis of representative literary texts of the Ottoman court—both poetry and prose. Introduction to various literary forms, such as gazel, kaside, mesnevi, tezkire and others, used by Ottoman authors. Uses the classical Ottoman canon as well as modern and contemporary theoretical approaches for interpretation.

• CEUS-R 382 Cultural History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (3 cr.) Introduction to the rich and varied cultures of Turkey, from Ottoman times to present. Considers issues such as literary and vernacular languages, women, Kemal Atatürk, Turkish Islams, education, Kurdish nationalism, and Turkey’s relations with Europe. Turkish films and visual materials used with readings.

• CEUS-R 383 Ten Sultans, One Empire: Ottoman Classical Age, 1300–1600 (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Traces the Ottoman Empire from its beginnings to its height under Suleyman the Magnificent. Themes include Turks before the empire, Asia Minor before the Turks, rival principalities, centralization, Ottomans as European and Middle Eastern, economy, society, religion, law, learning, ethnic/cultural diversity, and the "classical age" as a concept.

• CEUS-R 385 Structure of Turkish (3 cr.) P: LING-L 103 or LING-L 203, or another introductory course in linguistics; or consent of instructor. Introduces the linguistic features of Turkish (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics) within the framework of recent linguistic models. Focuses on phonology and syntax. Also examines topics in the morphology and semantics of Turkish, as well as some language acquisition data within the context of linguistic typology and language universals. No prior knowledge of Turkish required.

• CEUS-R 389 Topics in Turkish Studies (1-4 cr.) Variable title course for topics in Turkish studies. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 9 credit hours.

• CEUS-R 392 Uralic Peoples and Cultures (3 cr.) CASE S&H Surveys the Uralic (Finno-Ugric and Samoyed) peoples of northern Europe and Siberia. Topics include their origins and history, traditional and modern cultures, ethnic and national identity, development and modernization, and political independence and Russian rule. Also covers interrelations among Uralic peoples in the modern era. Credit given for only one of R392 or U370.

• CEUS-R 393 The Mongol Century (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC In-depth exploration of Chinggis Khan's Mongol Empire from its origins in the twelfth century in the continent-wide breakdown of the 1330s–1370s. Primary sources (Mongolian, Chinese, Middle Eastern, and European) in translation, including many of the medieval era's greatest histories and travelogues. Credit given for only one of R393 or U368.

• CEUS-R 394 Environmental Problems and Social Constraints in Northern and Central Eurasia (3 cr.) CASE S&H Analyzes environmental and social conditions in the immense region of Northern and Central Eurasia (former Soviet Union). Covers general environmental and political situations; environmental transformation under Soviet rule; environmental and health problems; conclusions on current trends. Credit given for only one of R394 or U374.

• CEUS-R 395 Politics of Identity in China and Inner Asia (3 cr.) Challenges the assumption that terms such as "Chinese," "Taiwanese," or "Kazakh" represent straightforward concepts. Via theories of identity, and careful attention to the history of China and Inner Asia, explores and explodes the association of identity and descent, language and ethnicity, citizenship and nationality.

• CEUS-R 397 Empires of the Silk Road: History of Central Eurasia (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC History of the Central Eurasian heartland of the Old World, which dominated Eurasia until Modern times. Focuses on the unique social, political, religious, and economic structures of the major nations and their achievements in intellectual and artistic fields, from the Proto-Indo-Europeans to the present.

• CEUS-R 399 Advanced Topics in Central Eurasian Studies (1-4 cr.) Variable title course for topic in Central Eurasian studies. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 9 credit hours in R399 and U320.

• CEUS-R 411 Ethnic History of Central Asia (3 cr.) CASE S&H A survey of the formation of major ethnic groups inhabiting Central Asia and their traditional cultures. Examines how nomadic migrations, imperial policies, and nationalism have affected inter-ethnic relations as background to current ethnic issues in Central Asia. Credit given for only one of R411 or U496.

• CEUS-R 412 Central Asia under Russian Rule (3 cr.) CASE S&H Survey of Russia and Central Asia's complex relations, covering Russian expansion in the sixteenth century, Russian conquest in the nineteenth century, socio-political developments, and the emergence of modern nations in the 1920s. Themes include mechanism of Empire, dynamics between conqueror and conquered, and colonial administration of Islamic peoples. Credit given for only one of R412 or U494.

• CEUS-R 413 Islamic Central Asia, Sixteenth–Nineteenth Centuries (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Surveys Islamic Central Asia from the sixteenth century to the Russian conquest, especially Chinggisid Uzbek states and the "tribal" dynasties, but also East Turkestan to 1755, and nomadic Qasaqs, Qirghiz, Turkmens. Themes include political institutions, legitimation, nomads and sedentaries; ethnic developments; religion and culture; sources and historiography. Credit given for only one of R413 or U493.

• CEUS-R 414 The Yasavi Sufis and Central Asian Islam (3 cr.) CASE A&H, CASE GCC Surveys the Yasavi Sufi tradition, famous for the magnificent shrine complex built by Timur and the collection of Turkic mystical poetry ascribed to Ahmad Yasavi. There is much more to the Yasavi tradition, however, and it is an unparalleled window on the religious history of Islamic Central Asia. Credit given for only one of R414 or U393.

• CEUS-R 415 The Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition in Central Asia (3 cr.) CASE A&H, CASE GCC Exploration of Sufism in Central Asia, challenges under Mongol rule, early founding figures, doctrinal profile and practices, and the subsequent history of the Naqshbandi communities in the modern era.

• CEUS-R 416 Religion and Power in Islamic Central Asia (3 cr.) CASE S&H, CASE GCC Exploration of the roles of religious figures and institutions in sanctioning, exercising, and/or undermining political authority in Islamic Central Asia. Focuses on the political influence wielded by the local representatives of Islam's spiritual ideal, especially Sufi shaykhs and how they used their extraordinary socio-economic and political power. Credit given for only one of R416 or U498.

• CEUS-R 441 Art and Music of Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Hungary (3 cr.) CASE A&H, CASE GCC The nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw the birth of Hungary's greatest artists and musicians, the development of national institutions in the arts, and debates over tradition versus innovation and Hungarian folk elements versus integration into Europe's artistic mainstream. Surveys these major developments in Hungarian visual art and music.

• CEUS-R 461 Mongolian Literature and Folklore (3 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T262 or T364, or consent of the instructor. Overview of traditional Mongolian historiography and other Mongolian historical sources: secular and religious chronicles, genealogies, biographies, works, inscriptions, edicts, letters, and more, from Chinggis Khan's time to the early twentieth century. A selection of sources of various genres are read, translated, and analyzed, and their interpretations discussed.

• CEUS-R 462 Modern Inner Mongolia (3 cr.) CASE S&H Exploration of Inner Mongolia's history from 1850 to present. Themes include Inner Mongolia as a bi-ethnic borderland, demography, the "New Schools Movement," pan-Mongolism, land reform, development, and the environment. Includes issues of ethnicity, state-building, and globalization in both Inner Asian and Chinese contexts.

• CEUS-R 467 Mongolic Writing Systems (3 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T364, or consent of the instructor. Examines the writing systems used by medieval and modern Mongolic peoples; the origins, functions, and classifications of scripts and their relation to religion and statehood. Introduction to the Kitan, Uyghur, 'Phags-pa, Galik, Oirat, and other scripts, and to Mongolic in Manchu, Tibetan, Latin, Cyrillic, and Arabic alphabets.

• CEUS-R 490 Advanced Readings in Central Eurasian Studies (1-6 cr.) Independent, directed study of an advanced topic in Central Eurasian Studies that covers multiple areas or does not fit comfortably in any specific area. Readings may include work on demanding classical texts or a survey of the secondary literature on a topic. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credit hours.

• CEUS-R 491 Capstone Seminar in Central Eurasian Studies (3 cr.) P: CEUS major with senior standing; consent of supervising faculty. Requires the preparation of an original thesis or research project that brings together the student's interests, region, and language of specialization and demonstrates accumulated training in the field. The project must be produced under the supervision of a faculty member.

• CEUS-R 493 Theorizing Central Eurasia: The Problems of Nationalism (3 cr.) CASE S&H An introduction to nationalism in Central Eurasia, and to its key works and questions. How are nations related? Are nations imagined and invented or ancient and enduring? Are nationalism, communism, and religiosity necessarily opposed? Are indigenous nationalisms more authentic than "official nationalisms"? Is Central Eurasian nationalism a "derivative discourse," imported from somewhere?

• CEUS-R 494 Uralic Linguistics (3 cr.) Studies linguistics of the Uralic language family (Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, and other languages in Russia), beginning with the proto-Uralic and relationships among Uralic languages. Focus is on topics such as agglutination, vowel harmony, complex locative case systems, and sociolinguistics of Uralic languages in Russia.

Language Courses

Azerbaijani

• CEUS-T 183 Introductory Azerbaijani I (4 cr.) Stresses a communicative/interactive approach. Students learn to handle basic everyday situations, such as greetings, asking for information, buying things, travel, phone calls, and writing letters. A portion of each class day is devoted to cultural aspects of Azerbaijani society. Credit given for only one of T183 or U105.

• CEUS-T 184 Introductory Azerbaijani II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T183 or U105, or equivalent proficiency. Continues language learning introduced in T183. Credit given for only one of T184 or U106.

• CEUS-T 283 Intermediate Azerbaijani I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T184 or U106, or equivalent proficiency. Uses free discourse, prompted discussions, interviews, team activities, oral presentations, written exercises, video-based discussions, and grammar drills to expand first-year skills. Classes are taught in Azerbaijani with only some grammatical explanations or spot translations in English. Authentic Azerbaijani language materials are used throughout the course. Credit given for only one of T283 or U205.

• CEUS-T 284 Intermediate Azerbaijani II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T283 or U205, or equivalent proficiency. Continues skills learned in previous course work. Credit given for only one of T284 or U206.

Estonian

• CEUS-T 103 Introductory Estonian I (4 cr.) Assumes no previous knowledge of Estonian. Emphasizes oral communication with attention to reading, writing, speaking, and listening. With basic vocabulary and structures, students can talk about themselves and immediate surroundings, interact in service encounters, read short texts and write notes. Introduction to Estonian culture. Credit given for only one of T103 or U111.

• CEUS-T 104 Introductory Estonian II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T103 or U111, or equivalent proficiency. Uses a communicative approach to introduce Estonian pronunciation and basic grammar (morphology and syntax), and teach vocabulary and structures for everyday conversation. Textbooks, audio- and videotapes, and authentic materials (newspapers, schedules, advertisements, the Internet) used to enhance learning and provide cultural information. Credit given for only one of T104 or U112.

• CEUS-T 203 Intermediate Estonian I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T104 or U112, or equivalent proficiency. Builds on skills acquired in introductory courses. First year topics are reviewed in more detail and new topics, such as seasons, holidays, traditions, and customs are added. Longer reading texts are introduced. Video materials train listening comprehension. Development of conversation skills beyond the structured exchanges of the introductory level. Credit given for only one of T203 or U211.

• CEUS-T 204 Intermediate Estonian II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T203 or U211, or equivalent proficiency. Finishes covering Estonian structures (morphology and syntax) and develops skills by reading, conversation, discussion, oral presentations, a weekly journal and short essays, and listening. Materials used to introduce Estonian culture include current press sources (print and Internet), short fiction, poetry, documentaries, feature films, and news programs. Credit given for only one of T204 or U212.

• CEUS-T 303 Advanced Estonian I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T204 or U212, or equivalent proficiency. Builds students' confidence as language users via class discussion of newspaper articles, fiction and poetry, class presentations, journal entries, summaries of articles, film and news clips, short essays, TV broadcasts, and audiotape recordings. Focuses on structures of formal written Estonian and different registers of oral production.

• CEUS-T 304 Advanced Estonian II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T303 or equivalent proficiency. Consolidates students' knowledge of Estonian structure, and adds to vocabulary, especially in students' areas of interest. While speaking, reading, listening, and writing are developed, this course has more emphasis on reading and writing. Independent work and student contribution a must; class is tailored to individual interests.

Finnish

• CEUS-T 101 Introductory Finnish I (4 cr.) An introduction to Finnish for students with no previous knowledge of Finnish language. Emphasizes skills for everyday situations in Finland. Aids understanding of simple spoken Finnish for familiar topics and the main points of brief messages. Students also study Finnish culture and history. Credit given for only one of T101 or U121.

• CEUS-T 102 Introductory Finnish II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T101 or U121, or equivalent proficiency. Concentrated practice in Finnish pronunciation, grammar, elementary conversation, reading, and writing. Increase of vocabulary. Credit given for only one of T102 or U122.

• CEUS-T 201 Intermediate Finnish I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T102 or U122, or equivalent proficiency. Geared to students who know the basics of Finnish to communicate in situations related to study, work, and leisure, while learning specific issues of Finnish culture and history. Methods are learner centered, communicative and often problem-based. Credit given for only one of T201 or U221.

• CEUS-T 202 Intermediate Finnish II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T201 or U221, or equivalent proficiency. Continues and reinforces language skills learned in T201 or U221. Credit given for only one of T202 or U222.

• CEUS-T 301 Advanced Finnish I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T202 or U222, or equivalent proficiency. Teaches advanced skills desirable for academia and work. The goal is to communicate effectively in demanding oral and written situations, and to handle both writing and speech on demanding topics. Also widens knowledge of Finnish culture and history.

• CEUS-T 302 Advanced Finnish II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T301 or equivalent proficiency. Teaches advanced skills desirable for academic life and work. Teaches effective communication in demanding oral and written situations, and an understanding of writing and speech on demanding topics. Also widens knowledge of Finnish culture and history.

Hungarian

• CEUS-T 141 Introductory Hungarian I (4 cr.) Enables students to converse about basic topics, meet basic communicative needs, and read and write short texts with simple sentence patterns and everyday topics. Students learn to use fundamental Hungarian structures with comfort and confidence while learning about Hungarian lifestyle, society, and culture. Credit given for only one of T141 or U131.

• CEUS-T 142 Introductory Hungarian II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T141 or U131, or equivalent proficiency. Daily classes focus on listening to and conducting conversations, intonation exercises, grammar exercises, and writing simple dialogues and essays. Topics include travel, work, housing, shopping, post office, bank, and family. Introduction of important possessive structures and sentences as well as verb conjugations. Credit given for only one of T142 or U132.

• CEUS-T 241 Intermediate Hungarian I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T142 or U132, or equivalent proficiency. Helps students converse more fluently about personal and simple academic topics, articulate feelings and opinions, read short literary and scholarly texts, and write for basic personal, business, and academic purposes. Authentic texts and video teach about the lifestyle and socio-historical facts of Hungary. Credit given for only one of T241 or U231.

• CEUS-T 242 Intermediate Hungarian II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T241 or U231, or equivalent proficiency. Helps students converse more fluently about personal and simple academic topics, articulate their feelings and opinions, read short literary and scholarly texts, and write for basic personal, business, and academic purposes. Authentic texts and video teach about Hungary. Moderately complex grammatical forms are introduced. Credit given for only one of T242 or U232.

• CEUS-T 341 Advanced Hungarian I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T242 or U232, or equivalent proficiency. Assumes four semesters of Hungarian and substantial knowledge of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary. Enables students to converse about moderately complex personal, social, and academic topics; to read and understand a full range of literary genres; and to write and translate to meet most personal and academic needs.

• CEUS-T 342 Advanced Hungarian II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T341 or equivalent proficiency. Students continue to learn how to converse about moderately complex personal, social, and academic topics; read and understand a range of genres; and write and translate for personal and academic needs. Through readings, students extend vocabulary and develop a more academic style for conversation and writing.

Iranian

• CEUS-T 356 Middle Iranian Languages (3 cr.) P: Permission of instructor. Variable title course used to introduce one or more of the following Iranian languages dating from the first to the twelfth centuries: Middle Persian (Pahlavi), Middle Parthian and Manichaean Middle Persian, Sogdian, or Bactrian and Saka. Documents are drawn from manuscripts, manuscript fragments, and/or inscriptions. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 12 credit hours.

• CEUS-T 358 Old Iranian Languages (3 cr.) P: Permission of instructor. Variable title course covers alphabets, grammar, vocabulary, reading, translation, and analysis of texts in one or more of the following Old Iranian languages: Avestan and Old Persian. Examination of religious and sociopolitical documents from the eighteenth to the first centuries B.C.E. through manuscripts and inscriptions. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 6 credit hours.

Kazakh

Kazakh is the national language of Kazakhstan. It is a Turkic language.

• CEUS-T 113 Introductory Kazakh I (4 cr.) No previous knowledge of Kazakh required. Introduction to basic communication skills in Kazakh. Upon finishing, students will be able to use Kazakh in basic communicative contexts. Readings, class discussions, listening activities adapted from Kazakh language media programs. Films and extracurricular activities develop awareness of Kazakh culture. Credit given for only one of T113 or U175.

• CEUS-T 114 Introductory Kazakh II (4 cr.) R: Grade of C or higher in T113 or U175, or equivalent proficiency. Continues basic communication skills and basic grammar of T113 needed to master simple to complex sentences. Kazakh language media programs, film viewing, and cultural activities develop awareness of Kazakh culture. Credit given for only one of T114 or U176.

• CEUS-T 213 Intermediate Kazakh I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T212 or U176, or equivalent proficiency. Builds on and extends the foundation established in introductory level to improve basic language skills: speaking, reading, writing, listening. Primary goal is to improve communicative competence and to enable learners to handle a variety of immediate everyday situations related to academic life. Credit given for only one of T213 or U275. Credit given for only one of T213 or U275.

• CEUS-T 214 Intermediate Kazakh II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T213 or U276, or equivalent proficiency. Students learn to use Kazakh in everyday situations and for purposes related to work and social life. Lessons are in Kazakh only, except for some grammar analogues. Components include grammar structures, small texts, vocabulary, listening activities, and writing exercises. Credit given for only one of T214 or U276. Credit given for only one of T214 or U276.

• CEUS-T 313 Advanced Kazakh I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T214 or U276, or equivalent proficiency. Familiarizes students with key parts of life in contemporary Kazakhstan. While improving speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills, students also do occasional translations. Builds on previous knowledge with stimulating and challenging activities, such as listening to narratives and radio interviews, and forges accurate and fluent communication skills.

• CEUS-T 314 Advanced Kazakh II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T313 or equivalent proficiency. Further introduction to contemporary Kazakhstan. New vocabulary enables learners to communicate in different situations, purposes, and roles. Listening materials include narratives, radio interviews, "Cenasianet" language programs, Kazakh fiction, and newspapers.

Mongolian

Mongolian is the national language of Mongolia and is also spoken in northern China.

• CEUS-T 161 Introductory Mongolian I (4 cr.) Introduction to Modern Mongolian in the Cyrillic script and to basic Mongolian pronunciation and grammar, along with knowledge of Mongolian culture and traditions. Students learn to conduct everyday conversations and use Mongolian's main cases and verb tenses in conversation and writing. Credit given for only one of T161 or U141.

• CEUS-T 162 Introductory Mongolian II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T161 or U141, or equivalent proficiency. Expands the competencies mastered in T161. Students use the main cases and finite verb tenses, as well as some modals (converbs) and simple compound sentences. Students also learn about Mongolian culture by reading simple folktales. Credit given for only one of T162 or U142.

• CEUS-T 261 Intermediate Mongolian I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T162 or U142, or equivalent proficiency. Expands the basic Mongolian conversation, grammar, reading, and writing skills mastered in first year. Introduces the most useful kinds of compound and complex sentences and develops skills to use them in conversation and writing. Furthers knowledge of Mongolian culture and tradition. Credit given for only one of T162 or U142.

• CEUS-T 262 Intermediate Mongolian II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T261 or U241, or equivalent proficiency. Expands basic Mongolian conversation, grammar, reading, and writing skills. Introduces the most useful kinds of compounds and complex sentences and voice infixes in conversation and writing. Furthers knowledge of Mongolian culture and tradition. Credit given for only one of T262 or U242.

• CEUS-T 361 Advanced Mongolian I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T262 or U242, or equivalent proficiency. Review of compound and complex sentences. Develops a sense of Mongolian literary style through the reading of diverse materials. In-class oral presentations, discussions, and role-play increase fluency. Translation exercises enhance knowledge of Mongolian culture and history.

• CEUS-T 362 Advanced Mongolian II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T361 or equivalent proficiency. Development of a sense of Mongolian literary style through the reading of diverse materials; improvement of fluency by oral presentations, class discussions, and role-playing; practice of formal translation using Internet and newspaper materials. Further develops knowledge of Mongolian culture and literary history.

• CEUS-T 363 Classical Mongolian I (3 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T262 or U242, or permission of instructor. Introduction to classical Mongolian and its relation to living, spoken languages and dialects. Topics include the Mongolian vertical script, its origin, graphemes and allographs, vowel and consonantal graphemes, orthography, punctuation, numbers, a skeletal grammar, word formation, syntax. Format is reading, analyzing, and translating texts in transcription and original script.

• CEUS-T 364 Classical Mongolian II (3 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T363 or permission of instructor. Reading and interpreting various old and new classical Mongolian texts in Uyghur script; grammatical analysis and translation into modern Mongolian and English.

Pashto

• CEUS-T 153 Introductory Pashto I (4 cr.) Introduction to the Pashto language of Afghanistan. By practicing listening, speaking, reading, and writing, students become familiar with the alphabet and sound system, basic structures, and ordinary usage. By the end of the semester, students will have mastered simple sentences and can ask and answer simple questions on familiar topics.

• CEUS-T 154 Introductory Pashto II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T153 or equivalent proficiency. Strengthens and improves skills gained in T153. Students move into new topics such as personal information, daily activities, and expanded grammar structures. By the end of the course, students can read simple prose texts, deal with everyday situations, and respond to requests on familiar topics.

• CEUS-T 253 Intermediate Pashto I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T154 or equivalent proficiency. Improves communicative skills in order to meet ordinary social situations and express interests and personal needs such as inquiring about one's surroundings, getting directions, buying food, and going out to eat. By the end of the semester, students can communicate and ask questions about familiar topics using learned grammatical structures.

• CEUS-T 254 Intermediate Pashto II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T253 or equivalent proficiency. Improves language skills by extending the scope of topics. Introduces materials concerning various social interactions, current daily life, and Pashtun culture. Extends grammatical and lexical knowledge through the use of a wide variety of stimulating and challenging activities. By the end of the semester, the student can converse with confidence on topics of routine tasks and in social situations.

• CEUS-T 353 Advanced Pashto I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T254 or equivalent. Students participate in exchanges about work and home, converse on many familiar topics, narrate and describe in all tenses (past, present, future), and read texts of medium complexity. Course materials related to the Pashtunwali: customs, commerce, news channels in Afghanistan, and more.

Persian

Persian is the national language of Iran. It is also widely spoken in Afghanistan and Tajikistan.

• CEUS-T 151 Introductory Persian I (4 cr.) No previous knowledge of Persian required. Introduces basic communication skills in modern standard Persian and familiarizes students with Persian's sounds, alphabet, and basic grammar. Students learn to read, write, speak, and comprehend simple to moderately complex sentences. Readings, class conversations, media programs, film viewing, and cultural activities introduce Persian cultures. Credit given for only one of T151 or U177.

• CEUS-T 152 Introductory Persian II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T151 or U177, or equivalent proficiency. Continues Introductory Persian I. Further work on basic sentence structure to develop greater fluency in pronunciation, reading, and writing. With the aim of a working vocabulary of 700 words, students study compound verbs and other idiomatic expressions. Internet resources used extensively. Credit given for only one of T152 or U178.

• CEUS-T 251 Intermediate Persian I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T152 or U178, or equivalent proficiency. Covers a wide range of topics and intermediate to advanced grammar. Credit given for only one of T251 or U277.

• CEUS-T 252 Intermediate Persian II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T251 or U277, or equivalent proficiency. Concentrates on complex grammatical structures and vocabulary acquisition with emphasis on reading and writing skills, and fluency in modern colloquial pronunciation (Tehran dialect). Studies texts drawn from modern Iranian publications, authentic materials, and Internet resources. Credit given for only one of T252 or U278.

• CEUS-T 351 Advanced Persian I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T252 or U278, or equivalent proficiency. Students examine the classical Persian tradition's rich legacy of historical, literary, and religious writings and learn the grammatical and lexical differences distinguishing classical from modern Persian. Introduction to basic research tools and reference works. Readings cover the range of classical Persian texts.

• CEUS-T 352 Advanced Persian II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T351 or equivalent proficiency. Continues and builds upon skills learned in T351.

• CEUS-T 359 Research in Classical Persian Texts (3 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T352 or permission of instructor. The classical Persian tradition holds a distinguished place in human thought and culture. This course introduces students to aspects of that rich legacy. Students learn to distinguish classical Persian from modern Persian, and master research tools and reference works. Readings reflect a range of classical Persian texts.

Tajik

Tajik is the national language of Tajikistan and is widely spoken in Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. It is an Iranian language.

• CEUS-T 115 Introductory Tajik I (4 cr.) Introduction to the language and culture of the Tajiks of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Teaches basic speaking skills: simple greetings and conversation, handling basic survival needs, such as reading signs and short narratives, completing forms, and taking messages. Introduction to the culture of Tajikistan.

• CEUS-T 116 Introductory Tajik II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T115 or equivalent proficiency. Continues and expands knowledge from T115.

• CEUS-T 215 Intermediate Tajik I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T116 or equivalent proficiency. Uses the communicative approach to enable learners to interact successfully in everyday and workplace situations. Authentic Tajiki language materials include videos, audiotapes, and printed texts. Focused drills present grammatical structures; explanations and paradigms are minimized. Materials also familiarize students about life for Tajiks.

• CEUS-T 216 Intermediate Tajik II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T215 or equivalent proficiency. Continues and expands knowledge from T215.

Tibetan

• CEUS-T 171 Introductory Tibetan I (4 cr.) Introduces Tibetan language basics to students with no previous background in Tibetan. Students begin speaking, listening, reading, and writing basic grammar, building vocabulary, and developing idiomatic usage needed in everyday communication. Introduction to Tibetan culture and daily life. Credit given for only one of T171 or U151.

• CEUS-T 172 Introductory Tibetan II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T171 or U151, or equivalent proficiency. Further introduction to the basics of Tibetan language through the use of daily written, reading, and audio home assignments. Conversation preparation required. Coffee hours enable students to talk to Tibetan native speakers. Credit given for only one of T172 or U152.

• CEUS-T 271 Intermediate Tibetan I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T172 or U152, or equivalent proficiency. Further develops skills in Tibetan for effective communication. Speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills are developed throughout the course with attention to grammar. Special attention to classical Tibetan readings. Credit given for only one of T271 or U251.

• CEUS-T 272 Intermediate Tibetan II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T271 or U251, or equivalent proficiency. Further develops skills with basic features of Tibetan language. Materials such as short stories and articles used for writing and reading assignments. Credit given for only one of T272 or U252.

• CEUS-T 371 Advanced Tibetan I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T272 or U252, or equivalent proficiency. Expands knowledge of grammar with reading and composition exercises, and translation of general texts from Tibetan into English. Focuses on reading in modern and classical Tibetan.

• CEUS-T 372 Advanced Tibetan II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T371 or equivalent proficiency. Further develops advanced skills for academic and professional work. Materials are selected from writings and translations of classical and modern Tibetan. Daily writing and translation assignments. Expands knowledge of Tibetan culture and history.

• CEUS-T 373 Imperial Old Tibetan: The Language of the Tibetan Empire (3 cr.) Introduction to the language, including its grammatical structure, phonology, and alphabetic writing system. Students learn to read authentic material from the Tibetan Empire (c. 600-842 AD), including portions of the Old Tibetan Annals and major inscriptions.

• CEUS-T 476 Readings in Modern Tibetan Texts (3 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T271 or U251, or equivalent proficiency and consent of instructor. Allows those interested in modern Tibetan language to improve their skills in handling literary Tibetan materials and documents produced in Tibetan areas of the Peoples’ Republic of China and in exile. Credit given for only one of T476 or U488

Turkish

• CEUS-T 181 Introductory Turkish I (4 cr.) Introduces English-speaking students to Turkish. Builds basic proficiency in modern Turkish for effective communication at beginning level in everyday situations. Listening, speaking, reading, and writing are covered in classroom activities and at-home practice. Establishes a solid linguistic and cultural foundation for future studies of Turkish. Credit given for only one of T181 or U161.

• CEUS-T 182 Introductory Turkish II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T181 or U161, or equivalent proficiency. Continues learning begun in T181, expanding basic competencies. Students develop communicative skills as they assimilate the basics of Turkish grammar. In addition to the textbook, students use other media, such as short video clips from Turkish television, songs, and newspaper articles. Credit given for only one of T182 or U162.

• CEUS-T 281 Intermediate Turkish I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T182 or U162, or equivalent proficiency. Expands communicative skills, grammar, and vocabulary skills. Class activities and homework involve listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Special attention paid to building richer vocabulary, developing competence in the vernacular, and improving reading. Recordings, films, handicrafts, and cartoons used in context. Credit given for only one of T281 or U261.

• CEUS-T 282 Intermediate Turkish II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T281 or U261, or equivalent proficiency. Continues skills learned in T281. Credit given for only one of T282 or U262.

• CEUS-T 381 Advanced Turkish I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T282 or U262, or equivalent proficiency. Requires written reports after watching Turkish TV news. Class activities improve language skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Opportunity to interact with native speakers outside of class.

• CEUS-T 382 Advanced Turkish II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T381 or equivalent proficiency. Expands language proficiency using innovative methods described in T381.

• CEUS-T 485 Media Turkish I (3 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T382 or equivalent proficiency. Advances linguistic and cognitive skills needed to understand media language and improves linguistic skills for better comprehension of contemporary language usage. Includes discussion of socio-political issues associated with current media issues.

• CEUS-T 486 Media Turkish II (3 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T485 or permission of instructor. TV recordings of Turkish media via satellite are incorporated to improve listening comprehension and oral fluency.

Turkmen

Turkmen is the national language of Turkmenistan. It is a Turkic language.

• CEUS-T 117 Introductory Turkmen I (4 cr.) No previous knowledge of Turkmen required. Follows the communicative approach to enable learners to interact successfully in everyday and workplace situations. Authentic Turkmen language materials used include videos, audiotapes, and printed texts. Focused drills present grammatical structures; explanations and paradigms are minimized. Credit given for only one of T117 or U107.

• CEUS-T 118 Introductory Turkmen II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T117 or U107, or equivalent proficiency. Continues course work in Turkmen from T117. Credit given for only one of T118 or U108.

• CEUS-T 217 Intermediate Turkmen I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T118 or U108, or consent of department. Follows the communicative approach, enabling learners to interact successfully in everyday and workplace situations. Authentic Turkmen language materials used include videos, audiotaped materials, and printed texts. Focused drills present grammatical structures; explanations and paradigms are minimized. Newspaper materials supply updates on Turkmenistan's changing life. Credit given for only one of T217 or U207.

• CEUS-T 218 Intermediate Turkmen II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T217 or U207, or consent of department. Continuing development of language skills. Additional new grammar concepts. Credit given for only one of T218 or U208.

Uyghur

Uyghur is the main language of Xinjiang in northwest China. It is a Turkic language.

• CEUS-T 131 Introductory Uyghur I (4 cr.) No previous knowledge of Uyghur required. Introduces basic Uyghur language—the Uyghur script, phonetic rules, and basic grammar of the literary Uyghur language—and Uyghur lifestyle, society, and culture. Daily class activities involve conversations, pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar exercises, simple dialogues and texts. Considerable independent preparation outside of class required. Credit given for only one of T131 or U115.

• CEUS-T 132 Introductory Uyghur II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T131 or U115, or equivalent proficiency. Continues previous semester course work. Develops skills in listening, reading, speaking and writing, to begin mastering literary Uyghur language. Uyghur audio and video cassettes and visual materials illustrate contemporary Uyghur cultural life. Opportunity for personal expression through partner and group work. Credit given for only one of T132 or U116.

• CEUS-T 231 Intermediate Uyghur I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T132 or U116, or equivalent proficiency. Expands grammatical, lexical, and functional skills. Listening activities involve narratives, interviews from RFA (Uyghur Erkin Asiya Radiosi), and Uyghur TV. Contemporary Eastern Turkestan's society is introduced to facilitate effective situational communication. Credit given for only one of T231 or U215.

• CEUS-T 232 Intermediate Uyghur II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T231 or U215, or equivalent proficiency. Further develops language skills and introduces contemporary Turkestan, its culture and mentality, so students communicate effectively. Also included are translation skills, partner work and discussions, authentic listening and video material. Independent work outside of class is essential. Credit given for only one T232 or U216.

• CEUS-T 331 Advanced Uyghur I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T232 or U216, or equivalent proficiency. Students give oral, reading, and writing presentations; participate in class discussions; and practice translation. Excerpts from novels, movies, newspapers, and other media develop knowledge of Uyghur culture.
  

• CEUS-T 332 Advanced Uyghur II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T331 or equivalent proficiency. Students give oral, reading, and writing presentations; participate in class discussions; and practice translation. Excerpts from novels, movies, newspapers, and other media develop knowledge of Uyghur culture.
  

Uzbek

Uzbek is the national language of Uzbekistan. It is a Turkic language.

• CEUS-T 111 Introductory Uzbek I (4 cr.) Introduction to Uzbekistan's literary language, using Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. Conversation, reading practice, journal writing, newspapers illustrating modern Uzbekistan, Uzbek videos, TV programs, and audiotapes used. Credit given for only one of T111 or U171.

• CEUS-T 112 Introductory Uzbek II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T111 or U171, or equivalent proficiency. Continues course work from previous semester. Credit given for only one of T112 or U172.

• CEUS-T 211 Intermediate Uzbek I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T112 or U172, or equivalent proficiency. Increases fluency in speaking and develops listening and reading skills. With extensive conversation and reading practice, students extend their vocabulary and grammar fundamentals in the literary language of Uzbekistan. Journals, newspapers and authentic materials supplied via Internet, email, and Oncourse illustrate modern life and language in Uzbekistan. Credit given for only one of T211 or U271.

• CEUS-T 212 Intermediate Uzbek II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T211 or U271, or equivalent proficiency. Continues language skills of T211. Credit given for only one of T212 or U272.

• CEUS-T 311 Advanced Uzbek I (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T212 or U272, or equivalent proficiency. Increases oral fluency, and develops listening, reading and writing based on literary Uzbek. Enables students to do research in history, culture, and politics. Extensive conversation and reading practice uses journals and newspapers illustrating modern Uzbekistan, websites, videos, TV, and audiotapes.

• CEUS-T 312 Advanced Uzbek II (4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T311 or equivalent proficiency. Increases oral fluency and develops listening, reading, and writing skills to enable students to do research in history, literature, and culture. Extensive conversation and reading practice using newspapers and journals illustrating Uzbek history, literature, and modern life, plus Uzbek videos, TV programs, and audiotapes.

Other Language Study

• CEUS-C 196 Introduction to Central Eurasian Language (0 cr.) Limited to off-campus participants in the IU-Australia National University language course exchange. Instruction in various less commonly taught languages using distance learning technology.

• CEUS-T 198 Introductory Central Eurasian Languages I (1-4 cr.) Various languages of Central Eurasia will be offered when available and will be listed in the online Schedule of Classes. May be repeated with a different introductory level language class for a maximum of 8 credit hours.

• CEUS-T 199 Introductory Central Eurasian Languages II (1-4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T198 or equivalent in the same language. Various languages of Central Eurasia will be offered when available and will be listed in the online Schedule of Classes. May be repeated with a different introductory level language class for a maximum of 8 credit hours.

• CEUS-T 298 Intermediate Central Eurasian Languages I (1-4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T199 or equivalent in the same language. Various languages of Central Eurasia will be offered when available and will be listed in the online Schedule of Classes. May be repeated with a different intermediate level language class for a maximum of 8 credit hours.

• CEUS-T 299 Intermediate Central Eurasian Languages II (1-4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T298 or equivalent in the same language. Various languages of Central Eurasia will be offered when available and will be listed in the online Schedule of Classes. May be repeated with a different intermediate level language class for a maximum of 8 credit hours.

• CEUS-T 398 Advanced Central Eurasian Languages I (1-4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T299 or equivalent in the same language. Various languages of Central Eurasia will be offered when available and will be listed in the online Schedule of Classes. May be repeated with a different advanced level language class for a maximum of 8 credit hours.

• CEUS-T 399 Advanced Central Eurasian Languages II (1-4 cr.) P: Grade of C or higher in T398 or equivalent in the same language. Various languages of Central Eurasia will be offered when available and will be listed in the online Schedule of Classes. May be repeated with a different advanced level language class for a maximum of 8 credit hours.