Courses for the Biology Major

• BIOL-E 111 Basic Biology by Examination I (3 cr.) Credit by examination for demonstrating an understanding of basic facts and concepts of the lecture content of L111. Credit not given for both E111 and L111.

• BIOL-E 112 Basic Biology by Examination II (3 cr.) Credit by examination for demonstrating an understanding of basic facts and concepts of the lecture content of L112. Credit given for only one of the following: L100, L104, E112, L112, or Q201.

• BIOL-H 111 Integrated Freshman Learning Experience I (4 cr.) P: Acceptance to IFLE Project. Intensive seminar/laboratory experience exploring the interdisciplinary nature of the modern life sciences. The course will revolve around a central question chosen by the students and will analyze how life scientists from biochemistry, cellular/molecular biology, and neuroscience might contribute to the common understanding of a fundamental problem. Credit given for only one of the following: H111, E112, L100, L104, L112, or Q201.

• BIOL-H 112 Integrated Freshman Learning Experience II (4 cr.) P: Acceptance to IFLE Project and H111 or equivalent. Continuation of H111. Intensive seminar/laboratory experience exploring the interdisciplinary nature of the modern life sciences. The course will revolve around a central question chosen by the students and will analyze how life scientists from biochemistry, cellular/molecular biology, and neuroscience might contribute to the common understanding of a fundamental problem. Credit given for only one of H112 or L113.

• BIOL-L 111 Foundations of Biology: Diversity, Evolution, and Ecology (4 cr.) For biology and other science majors. Preference will be given to freshmen and sophomores. Focus is on the processes of evolution leading to organismal diversity and adaptation, as well as basic ecological concepts. Credit not given for both E111 and L111.

• BIOL-L 112 Foundations of Biology: Biological Mechanisms (4 cr.) P: High school or college chemistry. For biology and other science majors. Integrated picture of manner in which organisms at diverse levels of organization meet problems in maintaining and propagating life. Credit given for only one of the following: L100, L104, H111, E112, L112, Q201.

• BIOL-L 113 Biology Laboratory (3 cr.) P or C: L112. R: L111. Laboratory experiments in various aspects of biology, with a focus on investigative logic and methods. Introduces aspects of cell biology, genetics, and evolutionary biology. Should not be taken during first semester of residence unless credit has been earned for both E111 and E112. Credit given for only one of L113 or H112.

• BIOL-L 211 Molecular Biology (3 cr.) P: L112 and CHEM C117. Structure and function of DNA and RNA. DNA replication, mechanisms of mutation, repair, recombination, and transposition. Mechanisms and regulation of gene expression. The genetic code, transcription, and translation. Introduces bacteriophages, plasmids, and the technology of recombinant DNA. Credit given for only one of L211 or S211.

• BIOL-S 211 Molecular Biology, Honors (5 cr.) P: L112 and CHEM C117. R: CHEM C341 concurrent. Structure and function of DNA and RNA. DNA replication, mechanisms of mutation repair, recombination, and transposition, mechanisms and regulation of gene expression. The genetic code, transcription, and translation. Introduces bacteriophages, plasmids, and the technology of recombinant DNA. Course will be taught at an honors level. Credit given for only one of L211, S211, L323, or L324.

• BIOL-L 299 Career Directions in Biology: Jobs for Life Scientists (1 cr.) P: Sophomore standing or above. Intended for biology, biotechnology, and microbiology majors. Focuses on identification of and preparation for life science career paths. Covers career information resources, resumes, cover letters, and application processes. Content includes interviewing skills, discussion of graduate and professional programs, careers in biology, personal assessment, and job search strategies. Not repeatable for credit.

• BIOL-B 300 Vascular Plants (4 cr.) P: One introductory biology course. Survey of the ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants, including their morphology, classification, ecology, evolution, and economic importance.

• BIOL-L 301 Information Literacy in Biology (1 cr.) C: Enrollment in an upper-level biology lecture, field, or laboratory course. Methods of information search and retrieval, critical evaluation of primary literature, and generation of technical writing skills necessary for research in biology. Work will focus on a topic chosen from an upper-level lecture, field, or laboratory course in which the student must be concurrently enrolled.

• BIOL-L 307 Biodiversity (3 cr.) P: L111 and L112, or consent of instructor. Provides a strong framework and hands-on experience studying biodiversity. Course transitions between introductory materials considered in L111 and L112 and more advanced courses focused on specific groups of organisms (for example, vertebrate zoology). Includes field and lab components where local biodiversity is sampled and analyzed.

• BIOL-L 311 Genetics (3 cr.) P: L211 or S211. Analysis of the mechanisms of inheritance, including developmental processes that lead to the construction of whole organisms and to the transmission to their offspring of specific genetic traits. Includes the principles of genetics and the analysis of mutations affecting development. Credit given for only one of L311 or S311.

• BIOL-S 311 Genetics, Honors (3 cr.) P: L211 or S211, and a minimum GPA of 3.300. Principles governing the transmission of specific traits to the progeny of prokaryotes and eukaryotes including bacteria, viruses, fungi, higher plants, and animals. Analysis at the level of the individual and population; interactions between genetic constitution and environment; application to the study of development, human genetic diseases, and/or agricultural breeding. Credit given for only one of S311 or L311.

• BIOL-L 312 Cell Biology (3 cr.) P: L211. Current views of the structure and function of cellular organelles and components, with emphasis on the flow of information through the cell, the metabolism that supports cellular functions, and differences among different specialized cells. Current techniques will be stressed. Credit given for only one of L312 or L330.

• BIOL-L 313 Cell Biology Laboratory (3 cr.) P: L113 and L211, or CHEM C342, or consent of instructor. R: BIOL L312, CHEM C484. Theory and techniques of experimental cell physiology. Enzyme purification using spectrophotometry, ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography, gel electrophoresis. Respiration and photosynthesis analyzed by cell fractionation, oxygen electrode, and radioactive tracer techniques.

• BIOL-L 318 Evolution (3 cr.) P: L111 or equivalent; L211 or S211. Provides a rigorous exploration of the theory of evolution—the conceptual core of biology. Topics include origins and history of life; the interplay of heredity and environment in shaping adaptations; molecular, behavioral, and social evolution; patterns of speciation, extinction, and their consequences; methods for inferring evolutionary relationships among organisms. Credit not given for both L318 and S318, or both L318 and L479.

• BIOL-S 318 Evolution, Honors (4 cr.) P: L111 or equivalent; L211 or S211. Provides a rigorous exploration of the theory of evolution—the conceptual core of biology. Topics include origins and history of life; the interplay of heredity and environment in shaping adaptations; molecular, behavioral, and social evolution; patterns of speciation, extinction, and their consequences; methods for inferring evolutionary relationships among organisms. Credit not given for both L318 and S318, or both S318 and L479.

• BIOL-Z 318 Developmental Biology Laboratory (2 cr.) P: L211, L311. P or C: L317. A laboratory about developing organisms, with emphasis on vertebrate embryology and organogenesis.

• BIOL-L 319 Genetics Laboratory (3 cr.) P or C: L311. Experiments with plants, animals, bacteria, and viruses demonstrating fundamental genetic mechanisms. Credit given for only one of L319 or S311.

• BIOL-L 321 Principles of Immunology (3 cr.) P: L211, and CHEM C101 or C117. R: L312. An introductory survey of the basic principles of immunology and their practical applications.

• BIOL-L 322 Writing Workshop in Biology (3 cr.) P: L211. Development of scientific writing styles and techniques to help students learn about complex phenomena, sharpen thought processes used in evaluating complicated data, and develop skills essential for communicating intricate ideas and concepts. Research reports will be regularly reviewed by the instructor, and in the context of cooperative learning groups.

• BIOL-L 323 Molecular Biology Laboratory (3 cr.) P: L211. Manipulation and analysis of genes and genomes. Gene cloning and library screening. Gene amplification and disease diagnosis. Gene mapping and Southern blot analysis of complex genome structure. Credit given for only one of L323, L324, or S211.

• BIOL-L 324 Human Molecular Biology Laboratory (3 cr.) P: L211 or consent of instructor. Theory and molecular biology techniques used to study the human genome and human genes. Students isolate DNA from their cells and apply current techniques for DNA fingerprinting of macro- and microsatellites, telomere length estimation, SNP and Alu polymorphism analysis, gene expression analysis, DNA sequencing, and computer analysis. Credit given for only one of L323, L324, or S211.

• BIOL-L 326 Biodiverse-City. The Art and Science of Green Infrastructure (3 cr.) P: A 100-level Biology or Environmental Sciences course. An interdisciplinary, place-based approach to understanding biological diversity and its relationship to flourishing human societies, and to developing associated skills and values (e.g. interdisciplinary thinking and action, stewardship).

• BIOL-L 328 Disease Ecology and Evolution (3 cr.) P: L211. Presents the theoretical framework of disease ecology to address special problems in disease biology, including the evolution of virulence, sexually transmitted diseases, reproduction and mate choice. Examines case studies of common infectious diseases. Combines informal lecture with discussion of key papers in the field.

• BIOL-L 331 Introduction to Human Genetics (3 cr.) P: A course in genetics. Principles of human genetics are presented. The emphasis is on new developments in the field afforded by present-day techniques in molecular biology. Among the topics considered are sex inheritance, molecular basis of genetic diseases, oncogenesis, and immune system structure.

• BIOL-B 351 Fungi (3 cr.) P: L111 and L112. R: Junior or senior standing or consent of instructor. Morphology, life histories, classification, genetics, physiology, development, ecology, medical and economic importance of fungi.

• BIOL-B 352 Fungi: Laboratory (2 cr.) P or C: B351. R: Junior or senior standing or consent of instructor. Laboratory and field studies of fungi and their activities.

• BIOL-B 364 Summer Flowering Plants (4-5 cr.) P: One introductory biology course. For those desiring a broad, practical knowledge of common wild and cultivated plants.

• BIOL-B 368 Ethnobotany (3 cr.) P: L111. Plants in relation to man with primary emphasis on food plants.

• BIOL-B 371 Ecological Plant Physiology (3 cr.) P: College chemistry and L111 and L112. The interrelationships among plant function and temperature, water supply, nutrient level, light quality, light quantity, gases, and other organisms.

• BIOL-X 371 Internship in Biology Instruction (3 cr.) P: Consent of departmental chairperson. Supervised experience in teaching undergraduate biology course. S/F grading. May be repeated for a maximum of 6 credit hours in X371 and L499.

• BIOL-B 373 Mechanisms of Plant Development (4 cr.) P: L111, L211. Lecture and lab explore the physiological and molecular mechanisms controlling plant growth and development from germination to reproduction. Studies structural and functional relationships with an emphasis on how external stimuli like light, gravity, nutrition, and temperature affect gene activities and physiological processes that control growth.

• BIOL-Z 373 Entomology (3 cr.) P: One introductory biology course. Insects, with emphasis on evolution, distribution, behavior, and structure.

• BIOL-Z 374 Invertebrate Zoology (3 cr.) P: One introductory biology course. Ecology, evolution, and phylogeny of major invertebrate groups, with emphasis on current controversies and concepts.

• BIOL-Z 375 Invertebrate Zoology Laboratory (2 cr.) P: One introductory biology course. Laboratory and field studies of invertebrates, with an emphasis on experiments with living specimens.

• BIOL-L 376 Biology of Birds (4 cr.) P: L111 and L112. Avian systematics, distribution, evolution, ecology, and behavior, emphasis on migration and orientation, territoriality, communication, and reproductive behavior. Field trips will concentrate on identification, interpretation of behavior, and research methods. Intended for biology majors.

• BIOL-L 377 Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (3 cr.) P: L111, L112, L113. An extensive study of amphibians and reptiles, including behavior, physiology, ecology, and evolution. Course will include a survey of world diversity, comparative dissections, field exercises, behavioral experiments, and review of the primary literature.

• BIOL-M 380 Microbiology of Infectious Disease (3 cr.) P: L211. Serves as a guide to the complex subject of infectious disease. Builds on basic biological principles to examine different agents of disease, the major modes of transmission, interaction of pathogens with the host immune system, and the ecological factors facilitating or inhibiting the emergence of epidemic disease.

• BIOL-L 388 Digital Biology: A Survey of Topics in Bioinformatics and Genomics (3 cr.) P: L211 or permission of instructor. Computer science and informatics applications to biology have yielded "bioinformatics," a field of study that covers a wide spectrum of data management and processing associated with large-scale, high-throughput biological data generation. This course surveys topics in the generation and analysis of biomolecular sequence data (DNA and protein) that underpin much of modern biology: genetics, ecology, evolution, population and structural biology.

• BIOL-L 390 Learning Enhancement in Biology (1 cr.) Additional discussion, learning group, laboratory, or field experiences to accompany another course in biology. Offered as a corequisite for the other course. May be repeated for a maximum of 4 credit hours when taken with different corequisite courses.

• BIOL-L 402 Ecosystem Ecology and Global Change (3 cr.) P: BIOL-L 111 and L112. R: BIOL-L 473 and an introductory environmental science or ecology course. Explains how ecosystems function and how and why ecosystems differ in their sensitivity to stress, disturbance and global change. Introduces key concepts and approaches used in the field of ecosystem ecology: ecosystem energetics; biogeochemical cycles and budgets; and the response of ecosystems to stress, disturbance and global change. Focuses on patterns and processes in aquatic, terrestrial and wetland ecosystems.

• BIOL-Z 406 Vertebrate Zoology (5 cr.) P: L111 and L112, junior or senior standing or consent of instructor. Morphology, evolution, adaptations, and general biology of vertebrates.

• BIOL-L 410 Topical Issues in Biology (2-3 cr.) P: L111, L112, L113, and L211. Topics not related extensively in other courses. The topic will vary depending on the instructor and on student needs. May be repeated once with a different topic for a maximum of 6 credit hours.

• BIOL-L 411 Epigenetics, Chromosomes, and Disease (3 cr.) P: L211. P or C: L311. Epigenetic phenomena involve cases in which genes do not obey Mendel's rules but display variable, sometimes unpredictable, expression patterns. Some are part of normal development but others are implicated in disease states, including cancer. Case studies of such things as sex-chromosome dosage control, paternal and maternal imprinting, and chromosome position effects are discussed, as well as the roles of small RNA's, DNA methylation, and histone modifications on gene expression.

• BIOL-L 412 Analysis of Cancer Research (3 cr.) P: L113 and L211. Analysis, inquiry, discussion, and critique of literature concerning cancer clinical trials, targeted cancer therapies, and diagnostic cancer tests. Critical thinking about cancer clinical trials, including their designs, claims and evidence, strengths and weaknesses, ethical problems, and implications.

• BIOL-L 417 Developmental Biology (3 cr.) P: L311 or S311. Analysis of developmental processes that lead to the construction of whole organisms from single cells. Covers the principles of embryology as well as the molecular and genetic analysis of mutations affecting development. Other topics focus on developmental mechanisms that control stem cells, tissue regeneration, and that cause disease when disrupted. Credit given for only one of L417 or L317.

• BIOL-L 423 Brain, Behavior and Evolution (3 cr.) P: BIOL L111 and L112. Explores a variety of topics related to the evolution of nervous systems, with a focus on vertebrate brains. Topics include comparative neuroanatomy, methods, approaches to homology, the meaning of changes in size, ecological and behavioral specializations, developmental constraints, and a consideration of how special (or not) human brains are. A basic background in neuroscience is recommended but not required.

• BIOL-L 433 Tropical Biology (3 cr.) Field course taught in a tropical area overseas. Topics center on ecology and evolution and may include plants and animals, their interactions in rain forests, seasonally dry forests and mangroves, cloud forests, marine biology, marine/land interface, coral physiology, and reef development. Requires detailed field journal and other projects on areas visited. May not be repeated for credit.

• BIOL-P 451 Integrative Human Physiology (4 cr.) P: Consent of departmental chairperson. Intended for the junior or senior science major. Course in human physiology designed to introduce the senior undergraduate student to the function of the human body in health, disease, and extreme environments. Emphasizes how the different organ systems work to maintain homeostasis and how organ function is integrated. The content and key concepts are presented in order to provide students insight into the scientific process through problem-solving and exploration of resources. Utilizes experimental inquiry, case-based and problem-oriented methodology with students working in teams, and an emphasis on clinical application. The laboratory component is incorporated into the structure of the course.

• BIOL-L 453 Sensory Ecology (3 cr.) P: Permission of instructor. Sensory systems are the gateways to all information that animals have about their environment. They are under intense natural and sexual selection and can drive evolutionary divergence. This course focuses on these issues and how sensory systems transduce and extract environmental information. Includes visits from guest speakers in the field.

• BIOL-Z 460 Animal Behavior (3 cr.) P: Senior or graduate standing in psychology or biology and consent of instructor. Introduction to the zoological study of animal behavior. Emphasizes both internal and external factors involved in the causation of species-typical behavior of animals (protozoa–primates) in their natural environment.

• BIOL-Z 463 Comparative Neurobiology of Animal Behavior (3 cr.) P: PSY-P 326, P346, or permission of instructor. Addresses the intersection of two disciplines: animal behavior and neurobiology. Uses integrative and comparative approaches to understand how the nervous system controls animal behavior in natural contexts and how neural circuits evolve to generate diversity in behavior.

• BIOL-L 465 Advanced Field Biology (3 cr.) P: L473 or equivalent and consent of instructor. Lectures and two to three weeks of fieldwork on various problems of ecosystem structure and dynamics. Quantitative comparisons will be made of ecosystems in several different environments. May be repeated once for credit.

• BIOL-Z 466 Endocrinology (3 cr.) P: L211. R: CHEM C341. Mechanisms of hormone action from the molecular to the organismal level in vertebrates.

• BIOL-Z 469 Endocrinology Laboratory (2 cr.) P: BIOL L211. R: BIOL Z466 and L312. Survey of various endocrine systems using molecular, cellular, and whole organism methodologies. Emphasis on structure, function, and regulation of endocrine glands and cells, and their roles in maintaining homeostasis within the organism.

• BIOL-L 472 Microbial Ecology (3 cr.) P: Junior standing in biology. Principles of microbial ecology with emphasis on the population, community, and ecosystem ecology of bacteria and fungi.

• BIOL-L 473 Ecology (3 cr.) P: L111. R: L318. Major concepts of ecology for science majors; relation of individual organisms to their environment, population ecology, structure and function of ecosystems. Credit not given for both L473 and L479.

• BIOL-X 473 Internship in Biology (1-6 cr.) P: Permission of department. S/F grading. Maximum of 6 credits allowed for summer internships/research.

• BIOL-L 474 Field and Laboratory Ecology (2-3 cr.) P: L111. R: Previous or concurrent enrollment in L473. Introduction to research problems and techniques in the ecology of individuals, populations, and ecosystems.

• BIOL-Z 476 Biology of Fishes (3 cr.) P: L111, L112, and L113. An in-depth study of the anatomy, physiology, evolution, behavior, and diversity of fishes. Course includes comparisons among fish taxa and other vertebrate taxa, evaluation of primary literature, dissection and classification techniques, behavioral and ecological experiments, and fieldwork.

• BIOL-L 479 Evolution and Ecology (4 cr.) P: L311. Evolution and ecology for science majors. Origin of life; physical environment and the individual; population ecology and population genetics; species interactions; community organization; development, structure, and function of ecosystems. Credit given for only one of L318, S318, L473 or L479.

• BIOL-X 490 Individual Study (1-12 cr.) P: Overall GPA 2.500 or above and written permission of faculty member supervising research. Must present oral report to complete more than 6 credit hours. Must complete a written assignment as evidence of each semester's work. Section authorization. Maximum of 6 credits allowed for summer research. May be repeated for a maximum of 12 credit hours in X490 and L490.

• BIOL-S 495 Honors Thesis Research (1 cr.) P: 3.300 GPA or higher, permission of department, and research involvement. Required for honors notation. Students must complete at least 5 credit hours of L490 plus S495 over a minimum of two semesters or over one semester and one full summer. Thesis committee must approve the thesis to receive honors.

Courses for the Microbiology Major

• BIOL-M 250 Microbiology (3 cr.) P: Two semesters of college chemistry; L211 recommended prior or concurrently. Application of fundamental principles to the study of microorganisms. Significance of microorganisms to humans and their environment. Does not count as an upper-level lecture in the Biology B.A. major or Biology B.S. degree.

• BIOL-M 255 Microbiology Laboratory (2 cr.) P: Two semesters of college chemistry; L211 recommended prior or concurrently. Audio-tutorial laboratory of exercises and demonstrations to yield proficiency in principles and techniques of cultivation and utilization of microorganisms under aseptic techniques. Does not count as an upper-level lab in the Biology B.A. major or Biology B.S. degree. Credit given for only one of M255 or M315.

• BIOL-M 315 Microbiology Laboratory (2 cr.) P: L112. A conventional laboratory of exercises, demonstrations and discussions. The goal is to achieve proficiency in the principles and techniques necessary for the manipulation of microorganisms under aseptic conditions. Credit given for only one of M315 or M255.

• BIOL-M 350 Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry (3 cr.) P: M250, M315 or M255, and CHEM C341. Introduction to microbial biochemistry and physiology; nutrition, growth composition, and metabolism of selected bacteria.

• BIOL-M 360 Microbial Physiology Laboratory (3 cr.) P: M250, M315, and CHEM C341. Introduction to techniques for the fractionation, isolation, and purification of cellular components. Analysis of bacterial growth, enzyme purification, chromatographic analysis of proteins and other metabolites, gel electrophoresis and fermentation studies.

• BIOL-M 375 Human Parasitology (4 cr.) P: L111 and L112. Junior or senior standing or permission of instructor. Biology of human parasites focusing on their etiology, epidemiology, immunology, diagnosis, and treatment. Major groups of protozoa, helminths, and medically important arthropods covered. Lab presents both live and fixed materials complementing lecture.

• BIOL-M 416 Biology of AIDS (3 cr.) P: L211. R: L312, M430. A detailed examination of the biology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), its causative agent (HIV), the immune response, and available therapies. For senior biology or biochemistry majors or beginning graduate students.

• BIOL-M 430 Virology Lecture (3 cr.) P: L211. R: L311 and L312. Viruses of plants, animals (including humans), and bacteria; emphasis on molecular biology of viral systems. Viruses and human disease such as cancer and AIDS; viruses and their evolution.

• BIOL-M 435 Viral Tissue Culture Laboratory (3 cr.) P or C: M430 or consent of instructor. Laboratory techniques in phage, viruses, and tissue culture.

• BIOL-M 440 Medical Microbiology: Lecture (3 cr.) P: BIOL L211. R: BIOL M250, M255. Microorganisms as agents of disease; host-parasite relationships; epidemiology; chemotherapy. Credit given for only one of M440 or M200.

• BIOL-M 445 Medical Microbiology: Laboratory (3 cr.) P: M315 or M255. P or C: M440. Laboratory methods of isolation and identification of microorganisms from normal and simulated disease conditions of the human.

• BIOL-M 460 Microbial Evolution (3 cr.) P: L211 or permission of instructor. Nutritional, physiological, and cultural properties of the major groups of nonpathogenic bacteria and their relationships as revealed by modern taxonomic methods.

• BIOL-M 465 Environmental Microbiology Laboratory (3 cr.) P: One of M250, M315 or M255; or permission of the instructor. Scientific inquiry-driven research in environmental microbiology. Focus on the diversity and function of environmental microbes and methods used to study them.

• BIOL-M 480 Microbial and Molecular Genetics (3 cr.) P: L211 or S211; M250 and M315 (or M255); or consent of instructor. Analysis of the molecular genetics of Escherichia coli and its heritable elements. Will include the genetics of other microorganisms as well as molecular cloning.

• BIOL-M 485 Microbial and Molecular Genetics Laboratory (3 cr.) P or C: M480. The genetics of Escherichia coli and its viruses. Techniques include transformation, mutation, bacterial recombination, transduction, transposition, molecular cloning, restriction mapping, Southern blotting, and other recombinant DNA techniques.

Courses for the Nonmajor

• BIOL-L 100 Humans and the Biological World (5 cr.) Principles of biological organization, from molecules through cells and organisms to populations. Emphasis on processes common to all organisms, with special reference to humans. Credit given for only one of the following: L100, L104, H111, E112, L112, Q201.

• BIOL-L 104 Introductory Biology Lectures (3 cr.) An introduction to living organisms. Designed for nonscientists with no background in biology. Does not count as a preprofessional course. Primary emphasis may vary with the instructor. Credit given for only one of the following: L100, L104, H111, E112, L112, Q201.

• BIOL-L 222 The City as Ecosystem (3 cr.) Principles of ecosystem ecology and their application to the sustainable use of energy and resources in urban and agricultural ecosystems, with emphasis on the integration of environmental, social, and economic concerns.

• BIOL-L 330 Biology of the Cell (3 cr.) P: Any college biology course. R: College chemistry. Not open to biology majors. The structure and function of animal, plant, and microbial cells, with attention to membranes and biologically important molecules. Will include the function of nerves, muscles, and the immune system. Credit given for only one of L330 or L312.

• BIOL-L 340 Biological Basis of Sex Differences (3 cr.) Not open to biology majors. Course will introduce students to biological processes underlying male-female differences in anatomy, physiology, and behavior. Discussions of sexual differentiation in organisms ranging from yeast to humans will be included. Functional (evolutionary/ecological) and mechanistic (developmental/physiological) explanations for sex differences will be addressed.

• BIOL-L 350 Environmental Biology (3 cr.) P: A college-level biology course. Not open to biology majors. Interactions of human beings with other elements of the biosphere with emphasis on population, community, and ecosystem levels of ecology.

• BIOL-L 369 Heredity, Evolution, and Society (3 cr.) P: Junior or senior standing. Not open to biology majors. Basic concepts and principles of evolution, heredity, and individual development. Problems of the individual and society raised by present and future genetic knowledge and technology.

Programs Outside the Department of Biology

• BIOL-M 200 Microorganisms in Nature and Disease (3 cr.) P: A college-level biology or chemistry course or PHSL-P 215. Principles of microbiology, including study of major microbial groups; cultivation, physiology, and genetics; destruction and control of microbial life; activities of microorganisms in nature and disease. For students in programs requiring only one semester of microbiology (not premedical or medical technology students). No credit in this course for students who have already passed M440.

• BIOL-Q 201 Biological Science for Elementary Teachers (3 cr.) P: Q200. An introduction to the principles and practice of biology designed especially for prospective elementary education teachers. All major areas of biology will be considered, with a concluding emphasis on the relations between various organisms and their environment. Credit given for only one of Q201, L100, L104, E112, or L112.

• BIOL-M 215 Microorganism Laboratory (1 cr.) P: M200 concurrently. Introduction to basic techniques and procedures of microbiology laboratories. Emphasis on aspects deemed useful to nursing students. Growth and transfer of living microorganisms, aseptic techniques, and the staining and identification of bacteria. Audio-tutorial format. Enrollment preference given to nursing students.