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Spanish and PortugueseFaculty FacultyChairpersonProfessor Josep Sobrer ProfessorsMaryellen Wolfe Bieder, Luis Dávila, Olga T. Impey, Catherine Larson, Consuelo López-Morillas, Kathleen Myers, Darlene J. Sadlier, Gustavo Sainz Associate ProfessorsJ. Clancy Clements, Deborah Cohn, Manuel Antonio Díaz-Campos, Melissa Dinverno, Kimberly Geeslin, Steven Wagschal Assistant ProfessorsPatrick Dove, Cesar Félix-Brasdefer, Carl Good, Emily Ann Maguire, Alejandro Mejías-López, Luciana Namorato, Miguel Rodriguez-Mondoñedo, Estela Vieira, Reyes Vila-Belda Academic AdvisingBallantine Hall 844, (812) 855-1157 IntroductionThe Department of Spanish and Portuguese (HISP) offers courses at all levels, elementary through graduate, in the language and literature of Spain and Spanish America; language and literature of Portugal and Brazil; and, on the advanced level, Catalan. The department participates in the programs offered by comparative literature, folklore and ethnomusicology, gender studies, Latin American studies, linguistics, medieval studies, Renaissance studies, and West European studies. Special Credit Option in SpanishAutomatic special credit of 4 credit hours is granted for S105 when a student tests into S200 or higher on the IU Bloomington Spanish placement exam. Three hours of special credit are granted for S200 for placement into and completion of S250 with a minimum grade of C–. A total of 6 hours of credit is granted for S200 and S250 for placement into and completion of S275 or S310 with a minimum grade of C–. Credit for Spanish S200 and/or S250 must be claimed by going to our Spanish and Portuguese Web site at www.indiana.edu/~spanport/undergraduate and submitting the form electronically. Special credit is never given for S275. Special Credit Option in PortugueseSpecial credit for 200-level Portuguese courses must be earned by taking the course in which you are placed and completing it with a minimum grade of C– or higher. Placement into Portuguese is determined by meeting with the director of the Portuguese program and discussing your previous work in the language. Special credit is granted for courses earlier in the sequence once the course taken by the student is completed successfully with a grade of C– or higher. Special credit is given for courses up through P250. Credit for Portuguese must be claimed by filling out the appropriate form in Ballantine Hall 844. Major in SpanishRequirementsStudents must complete 33 credit hours for the major, including the following:
Note: 400-level linguistics courses are S425, S427, S428, S429, and S430. Literature courses are S407-S408, S417, S418, S419, S420, S423, S435, S450, S470, S471-S472, S473, S474, S479, and S480. Courses that count for either linguistics or literature depending on the topic are S495 and S498. The following courses cannot be used to fulfill any portion of the major: S260, S284, S290, S421, S494, and S499. Native speakers of Spanish are not eligible for 100- and 200-level special credit. They must complete the major with course work at the 300 and 400 level. Students must complete the degree requirements of the College of Arts and Sciences. Required MinorSpanish majors must complete a minor of at least 15 credit hours of course work. Students may not use any courses from their Spanish major to satisfy this minor requirement. A minor field of study may be selected from another department of the College of Arts and Sciences, the Kelley School of Business, or the School of Public and Environmental Affairs. Students should consult with a faculty advisor in the minor field of study, and students choosing a minor field outside the College should review policies on outside credit hours (see "Courses Outside the College of Arts and Sciences"). If a department offers a minor approved by the College, Spanish majors must follow the specified requirements and be approved by the department. If majors choose a field that does not specify a minor, the requirement includes at least 15 credit hours in a single department with at least 9 credit hours at the 300 level or above. Foreign language course work at the 100 level does not count toward the minor. The minor requirement is waived for students who complete a double major. Major in PortugueseRequirementsStudents must complete the following:
Native speakers of Portuguese are expected to complete the major with course work at the 300 and 400 level. Students must complete the degree requirements for the B.A. degree in the College of Arts and Sciences. Required MinorPortuguese majors must complete a minor of at least 15 credit hours of course work. Students may not use any courses from their Portuguese major to satisfy this minor requirement. A minor field of study may be selected from another department of the College of Arts and Sciences, the Kelley School of Business, or the School of Public and Environmental Affairs. Students should consult with a faculty advisor in the minor field of study, and students choosing a minor field outside the College should review policies on outside credit hours (see "Courses Outside the College of Arts and Sciences"). If a department offers a minor approved by the College, Portuguese majors must follow the specified requirements and be approved by the department. If majors choose a field that does not specify a minor, the requirement includes at least 15 credit hours in a single department with at least 9 credit hours at the 300 level or above. Foreign language course work at the 100 level does not count toward the minor. The minor requirement is waived for students who complete a double major. Minor in SpanishRequirementsAt least 15 College of Arts and Sciences credit hours of course work in courses taught in Spanish at or above the 250 level, including S250, S275, S310, and two additional courses at the 300 or 400 level. Students who place into the S300 level are not eligible for S275 credit. As a result, they must take an additional 3 credits at the S300 or S400 level. Note: Native speakers of Spanish are expected to complete the minor with course work at the 300 and 400 level. For detailed information about the options available to minors, consult the departmental office of undergraduate studies. Minor in PortugueseRequirementsAt least 15 College of Arts and Sciences credit hours of course work at or above the 200 level, including:
Note: Native speakers of Portuguese are expected to complete the minor with course work at the 300 and 400 level. For detailed information about the options available to minors, students should consult the departmental office of undergraduate studies. Departmental Honors ProgramThe Spanish Honors Program and the Portuguese Honors Program are designed for students who wish to take advantage of an academic challenge beyond the requirements of the departmental major. It provides highly motivated students with the opportunity for tutorial instruction and independent research during the junior and senior years of their undergraduate study. The Honors Committee of the department solicits from the faculty nominations for the Honors Program and then screens and interviews the nominees in order to admit into the program those who are most likely to succeed. Students may, in addition, apply directly to the program by contacting the departmental honors advisor or the administrative undergraduate secretary. To be eligible, a student must ordinarily have an overall 3.350 grade point average with a 3.500 average in their major courses, either Spanish or Portuguese, and also have completed all course work at the 300 level of their major. It is expected that the student will maintain the above GPAs until graduation. Secondary Teacher CertificationMajors who wish to qualify for a secondary teacher's certificate can meet the requirements for a bachelor's degree in the College of Arts and Sciences as well as for a provisional teaching certificate. Interested students should consult the School of Education or the department's professional advisor or director of undergraduate studies. Spanish HouseThe department cooperates with the Global Village Living-Learning Center in offering residential options for students with an interest in languages and cultures. Students may request a roommate who speaks the same foreign languages and will live among other students in the Global Village who speak those languages as well. Students can use and develop language skills in a variety of language-related activities and extensive student-organized activities. Students have access to an on-site computer lab for language practice and the university's cable television service, which includes a number of international channels. The Global Village aims to expand student knowledge of foreign languages, foreign cultures, and world affairs; develop mutual understanding and appreciation of other cultures; prepare students for study abroad; and assist students with accessing Indiana University's international resources. For further information, contact the Global Village, (812) 855-4552; village@indiana.edu; www.indiana.edu/~college/global/. Café Hispano and CafezinhoThe department sponsors two weekly, informal group conversation sessions, one in Spanish and one in Portuguese: the Café Hispano and the Cafezinho. Inquiries may be made directly to the Department of Spanish and Portuguese, Ballantine Hall 844, (812) 855-8612. Native SpeakersNative speakers of Spanish or Portuguese should consult the department for testing, course placement options, special credit eligibility, and restrictions on course work in the major and minor. Overseas StudyStudents studying in Spanish or Portuguese, regardless of their major, are strongly encouraged to study abroad. Indiana University sponsors many programs in the Hispanic world: academic year in Spain (Madrid), Argentina (Buenos Aires), Peru (Lima), Chile (Santiago, Valparaiso), and Brazil (Sao Paulo, Bahia); semester in Spain (Alicante, Barcelona, Madrid, Salamanca, Seville), Chile (Santiago, Valparaiso), Peru (Lima), Brazil (Sao Paulo, Bahia), Mexico (Monterrey [for Kelley School of Business students only]), Argentina (Buenos Aires), Dominican Republic (Santiago), and Ecuador (Quito); and summer in Spain (Salamanca), Mexico (Guanajuato, Cuernavaca), and the Dominican Republic. For information about and prerequisites for these and other study abroad opportunities, contact the Information Center at the Office of Overseas Study, Franklin Hall 303, (812) 855-9304 or visit www.indiana.edu/~overseas. Course DescriptionsSpanishS100 Elementary Spanish I (4 cr.) A four-skills approach to Spanish with an emphasis on critical thinking skills. Enrollment in S100 is restricted to those with less than two years of high school Spanish or with consent of department. All others must enroll in S105. Credit not given for S100 and S105. S105 First-Year Spanish (4 cr.) For students with two or more years of high school study. The course content begins where S100 begins, and ends where S150 ends. Credit not given for S105 and S100 or S150. Next course sequence is S200. S150 Elementary Spanish II (4 cr.) This course continues the work of S100. Continued emphasis on all four skills and on critical thinking skills. Grading is based on exams and oral tests, written exercises, compositions, and a cumulative final exam. Students can expect to practice speaking in small groups in class, and read about and discuss materials in Spanish. Credit given for only one of S150 and S105. S175 Spanish for Hispanic Students I (4 cr.) Introductory course for U.S. Latino bilinguals; goal is to improve the students' oral, reading, and writing skills. Credit not given for both S175 and S150. S200 Second-Year Spanish I (3 cr.) P: S150 or S135 or S105 or equivalent. This course reviews some of the basic structures studied in the first year and examines them in more detail. Emphasis remains on the four skills and on critical thinking skills. Readings are both journalistic and literary. Grades are based on exams, oral tests, homework, compositions, and a cumulative final exam. Homework load is substantial. S220 Chicano and Puerto Rican Literature (3 cr.) A & H, CSA The bicultural reality of the Hispanic people in the U.S. as seen in their literature. Taught in English. S221 Spanish for Hispanic Students II (3 cr.) P: S175 or approval by the department. Intermediate course for U.S. Latino bilinguals; goal is to build on the student's spoken Spanish in order to develop confidence in the more formal aspects of the language. Emphasis on general standard grammatical structure and lexicon. Compositions on important topics of the Latino experience in the U.S. Relevant readings. Credit not given for both S221 and S200. S250 Second-Year Spanish II (3 cr.) P: S200 or equivalent. This course continues the work of S200. Continued emphasis on all four skills and on critical thinking skills. Grades are based on exams, oral tests, homework, compositions, and a cumulative final exam. Homework is substantial. After successful completion of this course, the foreign language requirement is fulfilled for schools that require a four-semester sequence. S260 Introduction to Hispanic Film (3 cr.) A & H, CSA Hispanic culture in film. Cinematic techniques used to portray Hispanic culture. Taught in English. S275 Introduction to Hispanic Culture (3 cr.) CSA P: S250 or equivalent. Practice of language skills through reading, writing, and discussion of Hispanic culture. Treats facets of popular culture, diversity of the Spanish-speaking world, and themes of social and political importance. Conducted in Spanish. I Sem., II Sem. S276 Spanish for Hispanic Students III (3 cr.) P: S221 or consent of department. Developmental course; goal is to enable the U.S. Latino students to accelerate their mastery of the Spanish language, especially with respect to reading and writing skills. Credit not given for both S276 and S250. S284 Women in Hispanic Culture (3 cr.) A & H, CSA Images, roles, and themes involving women in Hispanic literature. Taught in English. S290 Topics in Hispanic Culture (3 cr.) Emphasis on one topic, author, or genre in Hispanic culture. May be repeated once for credit with different topic. S310 Spanish Grammar and Composition (3 cr.) P: S275 or equivalent. This course integrates the four basic language skills into both a review of the major points of Spanish grammar and a structured approach to composition. Course work will combine grammar exercises with the writing of compositions of increasing length and complexity. Credit given for only one of S310 or S311. S312 Introduction to Expository Writing in Spanish (3 cr.) P: S310 or S311 or equivalent. This course integrates the four basic language skills into a structured approach to composition, focusing principally on expository writing. Some review of Spanish grammar will be included. Students will write numerous compositions, increasing in length as the semester progresses. Emphasis will be on correct usage, stylistic control, and clarity of expression. S315 Spanish in the Business World (3 cr.) P: S310 or S311 or equivalent. Introduction to the technical language of the business world, with emphasis on problems of vocabulary, style, composition, and translation in the context of Hispanic mores. Instruction in Spanish. S317 Spanish Conversation and Diction (3 cr.) P: S310, or S311, or equivalent. Meets five times a week. Intensive controlled conversation correlated with readings, reports, debates, and group discussions. May be repeated once for credit. S317 is not open to native speakers of Spanish. I Sem., II Sem. S326 Introduction to Spanish Linguistics (3 cr.) N & M P: S310 or equivalent. Introduces the basic concepts of Hispanic linguistics and establishes the background for the future application of linguistic principles. The course surveys linguistic properties in Spanish, including phonology, morphology, and syntax. Additional introductory material on historical linguistics, second language acquisition, semantics, and sociolinguistics will be included. I Sem., II Sem. S331 The Hispanic World I (3 cr.) A & H, CSA P: S310 or S311 or equivalent. Study of Hispanic literature and culture through the analysis and discussion of representative literary works from Spanish America. Includes an introduction to narrative, poetry, and theatre. Taught in Spanish. Credit given for only two of the following: S331, S332, S333. S332 The Hispanic World II (3 cr.) A & H, CSA P: S331 or S333. Study of Hispanic literature and culture through the analysis and discussion of representative literary works from Spain. Includes an introduction to narrative, poetry, and theatre. Taught in Spanish. Credit given for only two of the following: S331, S332, S333. S333 The Hispanic World (3 cr.) A & H, CSA P: S310 or S311 or equivalent. Study of Hispanic literature and culture through the analysis and discussion of representative literary works from both Spanish America and Spain. Includes an introduction to narrative, poetry, and theatre. Taught in Spanish. Credit given for only two of the following: S331, S332, S333. S333 offered SS only. S407 Survey of Spanish Literature I (3 cr.) A & H P: S331-S332. A historical survey that covers major authors, genres, periods, and movements from the Spanish Middle Ages through the baroque period of the seventeenth century. Readings include prose works, poetry, and drama. S408 Survey of Spanish Literature II (3 cr.) A & H P: S331-S332. A historical survey of Spanish literature that covers the main current of Spain's literary history in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. Readings in prose, poetry, and drama by Larra, Perez Galdós, Unamuno, Lorca, and other representative writers. S411 Spain: The Cultural Context (3 cr.) A & H, CSB P: S331 or equivalent. A course to integrate historical, social, political, and cultural information about Spain. II Sem. S412 Spanish America: The Cultural Context (3 cr.) A & H, CSA P: S331 or equivalent. A course that integrates historical, social, political, and cultural information about Spanish America. I Sem. S413 Hispanic Culture in the United States (3 cr.) A & H, CSA P: S331 or equivalent. Integrates historical, racial, political, and cultural information about Hispanics in the United States. S417 Hispanic Poetry (3 cr.) A & H P: S331-S332. Study of major aspects, movements, or directions of Hispanic poetry from the Middle Ages to the present. S418 Hispanic Drama (3 cr.) A & H P: S331-S332. Forms, traditions, themes, and periods of Hispanic drama from the Renaissance to the present. S419 Modern Spanish Prose Fiction (3 cr.) A & H P: S331-S332. Spanish prose fiction from mid-nineteenth-century realism through post-Spanish Civil War narrative innovations. S420 Modern Spanish-American Prose Fiction (3 cr.) A & H P: S331-S332. Spanish-American prose fiction from late nineteenth-century modernism to the present. S421 Advanced Grammar and Composition (2 cr.) Selected grammar review and intensive practice in effective use of the written language. S423 The Craft of Translation (3 cr.) P: S332, S312, or consent of instructor. A practical approach to the problems and techniques of Spanish/English and English/ Spanish translation, using a variety of texts and concentrating on such critical areas of stylistics as tone, rhythm, imagery, nuance, allusion, etc. Language and translation theory will also be studied. S425 Spanish Phonetics (3 cr.) N & M P: S310 and S326 or equivalent. Intensive patterned pronunciation drills and exercises in sound discrimination and transcription, based on detailed articulatory description of standard Spanish of Spain and Latin America. Attendance in language laboratory required. Usually offered I Sem. and II Sem. S428 Applied Spanish Linguistics (3 cr.) P: S310 and S326 or equivalent or consent of instructor. Analysis of linguistics and cultural elements of Spanish morphology, syntax, and semantics as they bear on teaching. Usually offered I Sem. S429 Hispanic Sociolinguistics (3 cr.) N & M P: S326. Examines current topics in Hispanic sociolinguistic/pragmatics. Topics include sociolinguistic and phonological and syntactic variation, field methods, discourse analysis, language and power, language ideology, language attitudes, languages in contact, language and gender, language and the law, bilingualism, linguistic politeness, and speech act theory. S430 The Acquisition of Spanish (3 cr.) N & M P: S326 or equivalent. Examines current topics in the acquisition of Spanish. Provides an introduction to research on the first and/ or second language acquisition of Spanish and to the pedagogical applications of these findings. Students develop a background in these fields and have opportunities to link theory and practice. S435 Literatura Chicana y Puertorriqueña (3 cr.) A & H P: S331-S332. Works in Spanish by representative Chicano and Puerto Rican authors of the United States. Cultural values and traditions reflected in both the oral and written literatures. S450 Don Quixote (3 cr.) A & H P: S331-S332. Detailed analysis of Cervantes' novel. Life and times of the author. Importance of the work to the development of the novel as an art form. S470 Women and Hispanic Literature (3 cr.) A & H P: S331-S332 or equivalent. Hispanic woman within her cultural context through literary texts. Topics such as women authors, characters, themes, and feminist criticism. S471-S472 Spanish-American Literature I-II (3-3 cr.) A & H P: S331-S332 or equivalent. Introduction to Spanish-American literature. S473 Hispanic Literature and Literary Theory (3 cr.) A & H P: S331-S332. Studies literature as an art form within the Hispanic tradition. Employs critical methodology and textual interpretation and analysis to exemplify theory of each genre. S474 Hispanic Literature and Society (3 cr.) A & H P: S331-S332. Writers and their works in social, political, economic, and cultural context. Specific topic to be announced in the online Schedule of Classes. S479 Mexican Literature (3 cr.) A & H P: S331-S332 or equivalent. Mexican literature from independence to the present. S480 Argentine Literature (3 cr.) A & H P: S331-S332 or equivalent. Argentine literature from independence to the present. S494 Individual Readings in Hispanic Studies (1–3 cr.) P: Consent of department. May be repeated once with a different topic for a maximum of 6 credit hours. This course cannot be used for the Spanish 300/400 level requirement for the major or minor. I Sem., II Sem, SS. S495 Hispanic Colloquium (1–3 cr.) P: consent of department. Topic and credit vary. May be taken twice for credit as long as topic is different. I Sem., II Sem., I, II SS. S498 Honors Seminar (3 cr.) P: Approval of departmental honors advisor. Topics will vary. The course may be repeated once with a different topic for a maximum of 6 credit hours. Permission to take the course must be obtained from the departmental honors advisor. S499 Honors Research in Spanish (1–3 cr.) P: Approval of the honors advisor. I Sem., II Sem. PortugueseP100-P150 Elementary Portuguese I-II (4-4 cr.) Introduction to present-day Portuguese, with drills for mastery of phonology, basic structural patterns, and functional vocabulary. Attendance in language laboratory may be required. P115 Portuguese for Business (3 cr.) Designed to provide the beginning Portuguese student with a foundation in both the Portuguese language and the Brazilian culture in the business context. The course alternates between the teaching of the language and the culture of business in Brazil, and students develop some foundational skills in three main areas: language and communications, business culture, and Portuguese grammar. P135 Intensive Portuguese (4 cr.) For students from secondary school placed into the second semester of first-year study or those with prior knowledge of another Romance language. Content of P100 and P150 reviewed at an accelerated pace. May be used in elective area of the Spanish major. Credit given for only one of P135 or P150. P200-P250 Second-Year Portuguese I-II (3-3 cr.) P: P150 or equivalent. Continuation of P100-P150, with increased emphasis on communicative exercises and selected readings. Attendance in the language laboratory may be required. P290 Topics in Luso-Brazilian Culture (3 cr.) Emphasis on one topic, author, or genre in Luso-Brazilian culture. May be repeated once for credit with different topic. No knowledge of Portuguese required. P311 Advanced Grammar and Composition in Portuguese (3 cr.) P: P200-P250 or equivalent. An advanced course on basic grammar skills and composition. Emphasis on syntax, vocabulary usage, and writing. P317 Reading and Conversation in Portuguese (3 cr.) P: P200-P250 or equivalent. Emphasis on conversational and reading skills using plays, short stories, poetry, and novels from Brazil, Portugal, and Lusophone Africa. Students will also be introduced to the basics of literary appreciation. P400 Literatures of the Portuguese-Speaking World I (3 cr.) A & H, CSA A general overview of the literature in Portuguese. The course emphasizes the unity and diversity of the literature in the major Portuguese-speaking areas of the world: Brazil, Portugal, and Lusophone Africa. Starting with the parallel development of one literature (Portuguese) in distinct geographical areas (the Portuguese colonies), it shows the changes that take place when new nations are created in these areas, and new national literatures become a reality. The course combines lecture and discussion, and is conducted in Portuguese. P401 Literatures of the Portuguese-Speaking World II (3 cr.) A & H, CSA A survey of the literatures from Brazil, Portugal, and Lusophone Africa. Lectures and discussions of selected works by representative authors of the major literary periods. P405 Literature and Film in Portuguese (3 cr.) A & H, CSA Survey of literary works and film adaptations from the Lusophone world. P410 Brazilian Cinema (3 cr.) A & H, CSA A survey of Brazilian cinema from the beginning of the twentieth century to present day. Taught in English. P412 Brazil: The Cultural Context (3 cr.) A & H, CSA Integrates historical, social, and cultural information about Brazil. Taught in English. P415 Women Writing in Portuguese (3 cr.) A & H A survey of women's writing from different Portuguese-speaking nations. P420 Literatures of the Portuguese-Speaking World in Translation (3 cr.) P425 Structure of Portuguese Language (3 cr.) P: P250 or equivalent. Introduction to the linguistic study of various aspects of the structure of the Portuguese language: phonetics, phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, dialects, historical grammar; and application of linguistics to literature. P470 Poetry in Portuguese (3 cr.) A & H, CSA Historical survey of poetry in Portuguese. Emphasis on major authors from Brazil, Portugal, and Lusophone Africa. P475 Theatre in Portuguese (3 cr.) A & H, CSA A survey of theatre in the Portuguese language from the sixteenth century to the late twentieth century. Particular attention will be given to the social and historical context in which works were produced. P476 Prose in Portuguese (3 cr.) A & H Survey of prose writers and works from the middle ages to the present. P494 Individual Readings in Luso-Brazilian Literature (1–3 cr.) P: Consent of the department. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 6 credit hours. P495 Luso-Brazilian Colloquium (1–3 cr.) P: Consent of the department. Topic and credit vary. This course may be repeated with different topics for a maximum of 12 credit hours. P498 Portuguese Honors Seminar (3 cr.) P: Approval of the director of Portuguese Studies. Topics will vary. May be repeated once with a different topic for a maximum of 6 credit hours. P499 Honors Research in Portuguese (1–3 cr.) P: Approval of the director of Portuguese Studies. I Sem., II Sem. CatalanC400 Catalan Language and Culture I (3 cr.) R: Knowledge of another Romance language. Introduction to the study of Catalan language and of the particular situation of Catalonia as a culture within present-day Spain. May be used in elective area of the Spanish major. Does not count toward the major in Portuguese. C410 Catalan Language and Culture II (3 cr.) P: C400 or consent of instructor. Designed to bridge the gap between C400 and C450 as well as prepare the student for graduate courses. Intensive reading course with works from modern literature as texts. Language study and grammar review will be developed in order to facilitate reading. Does not count toward the major in Spanish or Portuguese. C450 Catalan Literature (3 cr.) A & H P: C400 or consent of instructor. Survey of Catalan literature from the Middle Ages to the present. Significant works in all genres will be studied within their historical and cultural context. Issues of nation-formation, hegemony, biculturalism, and marginalizations will be paid special attention. C494 Individual Readings in Catalan Studies (1–3 cr.) P: Consent of department. May be repeated once with a different topic for a maximum of 6 credit hours. I Sem., II Sem. Courses for Graduate Reading KnowledgeS491 Elementary Spanish for Graduate Students (3 cr.) Introduction to structure of the language necessary for reading, followed by reading in graded texts of a general nature. S492 Readings in Spanish for Graduate Students (4 cr., undergrad.; 3 cr., grad.) P: S491 or consent of department.
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Last updated: 24 November 2024 00 18 11
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