Recommendations
Physics P309, P331, P332 or P360, and P340 are recommended.

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Major in Physics—B.S.

Requirements
Students must complete the following fundamental skills and distribution requirements:

1. Writing, same as B.A. degree.
2. Mathematics, major fulfills requirement.
3. Foreign language, 3 credit hours at or above the second-year level (or equivalent proficiency) in one language. French, German, or Russian is recommended for students who wish to pursue a graduate degree.
4. Topics in arts and humanities, two courses for 6 credit hours minimum.
5. Topics in social and historical studies, two courses for 6 credit hours minimum.
6. Topics in natural and mathematical sciences, major fulfills requirement.

Major Requirements
Students must complete the following course work with a minimum grade of C- in each course:

1. At least 35 credit hours of physics, including P221, P222, and P301; upper-level lecture courses P331, P441, and P453; and laboratory courses P309 and P451. P201-P202 may be substituted for P221-222 with permission from the physics advisor.
2. At least 20 credit hours in mathematics and computer science, including M211, M212, M311, and M343 (or honors equivalents).
3. Nine credit hours in biological and physical sciences, outside of the Departments of Physics, Mathematics, and Computer Science. At least 6 of the 9 credit hours must be in the same department.

Recommendations
The following courses are recommended:

1. Physics P332, P340, P442, and P454 for students planning to pursue a graduate degree in physics; alternative programs (such as those with more emphasis on electronics, optics, biophysics, or environmental physics) should be discussed with the physics advisor.
2. Mathematics M312 and M344. Students should also consider M301 (or M303), M415, M441 and M442.
3. Chemistry C105-C106 and C125-C126 (or honors equivalents), preferably taken in the freshman or sophomore year. Alternative courses from the natural and physical sciences should be discussed with the physics advisor.

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Minor in Physics

Requirements
Students must complete:

1. One of the two 10-credit introductory course sequences, P201-P202 or P221-P222.
2. A modern physics course, to be chosen from P300, P301, P453, and P454.
3. A laboratory course, to be chosen from P309, P360, P451, and P452.
4. Another 3-credit course above the level of P301.

Departmental Honors Program

The honors program is designed to provide well-qualified students with an exceptionally strong foundation in physics, both by encouraging excellence in course work and recognizing the importance of early participation in research. It is strongly recommended that students intending to enroll in graduate school pursue this option.

The key component of the honors program is involvement of the student in an independent research project, typically carried out under the supervision of a faculty member. This work must culminate in the writing of an honors thesis before the end of the senior year. An oral presentation describing the work would also be expected.

In addition to fulfilling the requirements associated with the B.S. degree (see above), students in the honors program would also be expected to complete most of the course work listed under "Recommendations" for this degree; in particular, at least two of the three courses P332, P442, and P454 must be completed. To graduate with honors, students should maintain a minimum grade point average of 3.5 in all physics course work. Further information regarding this program may be obtained from the department.

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Course Descriptions

Courses for Non-Science Majors
These courses are intended for students majoring in the humanities, social sciences, business, music, and education. Little or no background in science is assumed. Mathematics at the level of one year of high school algebra is used. These courses are not open to physics majors. No credit is given in these courses for students who have previously passed P201-P202 or P221-P222.
P101 Physics in the Modern World (4 cr.) NMNS Three lectures and one two-hour laboratory period each week. Includes elements of classical physics and the ideas, language, and impact of physics today. No credit in this course for students who have already passed P201-P202 or P221-P222.
P105 Basic Physics of Sound (3 cr.) NMNS The physical principles involved in the description, generation, and reproduction of sound. Topics discussed include physics of vibrations and waves, Fourier decomposition of complex wave forms, harmonic spectra, propagation of sound waves in air, standing waves and resonance, sound loudness and decibels, room acoustics, and sound recording and reproduction, including digital sound.
P106 Introductory Acoustics Laboratory (1 cr.) P or C: P105 or MUS T593 or consent of instructor. Experimental investigations of vibrating systems and waves, tone quality, temperament, properties of musical instruments, hearing, and room acoustics. I Sem.
P108 Intermediate Acoustics Laboratory (2 cr.) P or C: P105 or MUS T593 or consent of instructor. For audio technology, and telecommunications majors. Provides in-depth investigation of vibrating systems, wave phenomena, interference, complex wave synthesis, analysis, resonance, transducers. Study of analogue, digital electronic circuits, amplifiers, oscillators, band pass filters, and digital sound. Provides instrumentation experience, oscilloscopes, function generators, spectrum analyses. Credit not given for both P106 and P108.
P110 Energy (2 cr.) A scientific approach is used to examine various aspects of energy consumption, including demand, fuel supplies, environmental impact, and alternative fuel sources. Credit given for only one of the following: P110 or P120.
P120 Energy and Technology (3 cr.) NMNS Provides physical basis for understanding interaction of technology and society, and for the solution of problems, such as energy use and the direction of technological change. Credit given for only one of the following: P120 or P110.
P151 Excursions into Physics (3 cr.) NMNS A course intended for humanities and social science majors. Selected topics with emphasis on major concepts and the people who developed them. Lecture demonstrations used to illustrate ideas. Will not fulfill science requirement for education majors. No credit in this course for students who have passed P201-P202 or P221-P222.
Q202 Physical Science: Elementary Teachers (3 cr.) P: Q200. Fulfills the physical science requirement for elementary education majors. Introduction to topics such as motion, forces, energy, states of matter, electricity, magnetism, and light. Two lectures and one laboratory each week. Enrollment is limited to majors in the School of Education.
P211 (SPEA E200) Global Energy Problems: Technological Options and Policy Choices (3 cr.) NMNS The science of energy; energy resources and uses; conservation; the health and environmental effects of energy conversion. Existing energy policy and its consequences; a comparative look at energy policy; the principles and practice of sound energy management and policy.

Courses for Science Majors
These courses are primarily intended for students majoring in the biological, mathematical, and physical sciences; however, students are urged to also consider the courses listed under "Courses for Physics Majors." With the exception of P310, the courses listed here are not recommended for physics majors.
P201 General Physics I (5 cr.) NMNS P: MATH M026, M126, or high school equivalent. Newtonian mechanics, oscillations, and waves. Bulk properties of matter and thermodynamics at the discretion of the instructor. Applications of physical principles to related scientific disciplines, including life sciences. Three lectures, one discussion, and one two-hour laboratory period each week. Credit may be obtained only for either P201 or P221. I Sem., II Sem., SS.
P202 General Physics II (5 cr.) NMNS P: P201 or high school equivalent. Electricity and magnetism, physical optics. Geometrical optics and modern physics at the discretion of the instructor. Applications of physical principles to related scientific disciplines, including the life sciences. Three lectures, one discussion section, and one two-hour laboratory period each week. Credit may be obtained only for either P202 or P222. I Sem., II Sem., SS.
P300 General Physics III (3 cr.) NMNS P: P201-P202 or equivalent. Special relativity; quantum physics; atomic, condensed matter, nuclear, and particle physics. Applications of modern physics to related scientific disciplines, including the life sciences. Three lectures each week. Credit may be obtained only for either P300 or P301. I Sem.
P302 Elementary Electronics (2 cr.) P: one course in physics; or junior standing and consent of instructor. Integrated lecture and laboratory course. Characteristics of semiconductor circuit elements, amplifier circuits, power supplies, operational amplifiers, digital and switching circuits, oscilloscopes, and other laboratory test equipment. I Sem., II Sem.
P309 Modern Physics Laboratory (2 cr.) P or C: P301. Fundamental experiments in physics with emphasis on modern physics. The course aims to develop basic laboratory skills and data analysis techniques.
P310 Environmental Physics (3 cr.) NMNS P: P201 or P221 and MATH M211 or M215; or consent of instructor. For biological and physical science majors. Relationship of physics to current environmental problems. Energy production, comparison of sources and byproducts; nature of and possible solutions to problems of noise, particulate matter in atmosphere. I Sem.

Courses for Physics Majors
These courses are recommended for physics majors and those students who desire a strong background in physics. Prospective physics majors are strongly encouraged to consult with the physics department undergraduate advisor and to start the P221-P222 sequence in their freshman year.
P221 Physics I (5 cr.) NMNS C: MATH M211 or M215 or consent of instructor. First semester of a three-semester, calculus-based sequence intended for science majors. Newtonian mechanics, oscillations and waves, heat and thermodynamics. Three lectures, two discussion sections, and one two-hour lab each week. Physics majors are encouraged to take P221 in the fall semester of the freshman year. Credit not given for both P201 and P221. I Sem., II Sem.
P222 Physics II (5 cr.) NMNS P: P221. C: MATH M212 or M216 or consent of instructor. Second semester of a three-semester, calculus-based sequence intended for science majors. Primarily electricity, magnetism, and geometrical and physical optics. Three lectures, two discussion sections, and one two-hour lab each week. Physics majors are encouraged to take P222 in the spring semester of the freshman year. Credit not given for both P202 and P222. I Sem., II Sem.
P301 Physics III (3 cr.) NMNS P: P222 (or P202 with consent of instructor). Third semester of a three-semester, calculus-based sequence. Special theory of relativity; introduction to quantum physics; atomic, nuclear, condensed matter, and elementary particle physics. Intended for science and mathematics majors. Three lecture-discussion periods each week. Credit may be obtained only for either P300 or P301. I Sem., II Sem.
P309 Modern Physics Laboratory (2 cr.) P or C: P301. Fundamental experiments in physics with emphasis on modern physics. The course aims to develop basic laboratory skills and data analysis techniques.
P310 Environmental Physics (3 cr.) NMNS P: P201 or P221 and MATH M211 or M215; or consent of instructor. For biological and physical science majors. Relationship of physics to current environmental problems. Energy production, comparison of sources and byproducts; nature of and possible solutions to problems of noise, particularly matter in atmosphere.
P321 Techniques in Theoretical Physics (3 cr.) NMNS P or C: P301. Particle motion in 1, 2, and 3 dimensions in the presence of forces; construction of forces from fields, and relationships between fields and sources; energies and potentials; complex oscillations and circuit analysis; classical and quantum mechanical waves and probabilities.
P331 Theory of Electricity and Magnetism I (3 cr.) NMNS P: P202 or P222 and MATH M312 (for scientists), or consent of instructor. Electrostatic fields and differential operators, Laplace and Poisson equations, dielectric materials, steady currents, power and energy, induction, magnetic fields, scalar and vector potentials, Maxwell's equations. I Sem.
P332 Theory of Electricity and Magnetism II (3 cr.) NMNS P: P331 or consent of instructor. Magnetic materials, wave equations and radiation, energy transfer and conversion. Poynting vector and momentum, retarded potentials, dipole radiation, transmission lines and wave guides, relativity. II Sem.
P340 Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics (3 cr.) NMNS P: P202 or P222; MATH M311 concurrently. Intermediate course, covering three laws of thermodynamics, classical and quantum statistical mechanics, and some applications.
P360 Physical Optics (3 cr.) NMNS P: P331 or consent of instructor. Physical optics and electromagnetic waves based on electromagnetic theory: wave equations; phase and group velocity; dispersion; coherence, interference, diffraction, and polarization of light and of electromagnetic radiation generally; wave guides; holography; masers and lasers; introduction to optical spectroscopy.
P400 Digital Electronics (3 cr.) NMNS Digital logic, storage elements, timing elements, arithmetic devices, digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion. Course has lectures and labs emphasizing design, construction, and analysis of circuits using discrete gates and programmable devices.
P401 Analog Electronics (3 cr.) NMNS Amplifier and oscillator characteristics feedback systems, bipolar transistors, field-effect transistors, optoelectronic devices, amplifier design, power supplies, and the analysis of circuits using computer aided techniques.
S405 Readings in Physics (1-3 cr.) P: consent of instructor. Independent reading under supervision of faculty member. Study in depth of topic of interest to student, culminating in research paper. I Sem., II Sem.
S406 Research (1-6 cr.) P: consent of instructor. Research participation in group or independent research project in area of current interest, such as atomic, solid state, nuclear, or elementary particle physics; environmental physics; and physics teaching methods. To be conducted under supervision of a faculty member. I Sem., II Sem.
P408 Current Research in Physics (1 cr.) A series of introductory talks by 15 different faculty members on the current research activities of the Department of Physics. For senior-level students. II Sem.
P410 Computing Applications in Physics (3 cr.) NMNS P: P332 or equivalent and CSCI C301 or equivalent; or consent of instructor. Computing methods and techniques applied to a broad spectrum of physics problems. Emphasis on least-squares method and other curve-fitting techniques of non-linear functions; monte carlo methods; data manipulation, including sorting, retrieval, and display.
P441-P442 Analytical Mechanics I-II (3-3 cr.) NMNS P: P201-P202 or P221-P222. C: MATH M343. Elementary mechanics of particles and rigid bodies, treated by methods of calculus and differential equations. P441, I Sem.; P442, II Sem.
P451-P452 Experiments in Modern Physics I (3 cr.) P: P301 and P309, or equivalent. R: P453-P454 concurrently. P452 can be taken independently of P451. Advanced laboratory for senior physics majors. Experimental investigations and selected topics in nuclear, atomic, and solid state physics. P451, I Sem.; P452, II Sem.
P453 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (3 cr.) NMNS P: P301 and P331. R: P332 concurrently. The Schroedinger equation with applications to problems such as barrier transmission, harmonic oscillation, and the hydrogen atom. Discussion of orbital and spin angular momentum and identical particles. Introduction to perturbation theory. I Sem.
P454 Modern Physics (4 cr.) NMNS P: P453 or equivalent. Structure of multielectron atoms. Experimental facts and theoretical models in solid state physics, nuclear physics, and elementary particle physics. II Sem.
P470 Introduction to Accelerator Physics (3 cr.) P: approval of instructor. Overview of accelerator development and accelerator technologies. Principles of linear and circular accelerators, storage rings, colliders. Transverse phase space motion of a particle in an accelerator. Radio frequency acceleration and synchrotron light sources. Basics of free electron lasers. Spin dynamics in cyclic accelerators and storage rings.

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